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Kingdom","countryCode":"GB","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"campina","humanReadableName":"ATTO-Campina","stationName":null,"description":"The ATTO-Campina site is a permanent observational facility located in the\ncentral Amazon, approximately 4 km from the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory\n(ATTO), within the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve. Located 150 km from\nthe Manaus city (the Amazonas state capital), ATTO-Campina is installed in a\ncampinarana ecosystem characterized by sandy soils and relatively low\nvegetation, thus providing favorable conditions for atmospheric remote sensing\nobservations that are not feasible under the dense forest canopy at the ATTO\ntall tower site.
\nOperational since 2020, ATTO-Campina was designed to complement the in situ\nmeasurements performed at the ATTO towers by extending observations to the full\natmospheric column, particularly focusing on cloud and precipitation processes.\nTogether, these sites form an integrated framework to investigate the complex\ninteractions between the rainforest and the atmosphere, especially those\ninvolving gas, aerosol, cloud, and precipitation dynamics in a near-pristine\ntropical environment.
\nATTO-Campina is equipped with a comprehensive suite of remote sensing and in\nsitu instruments that provide continuous, high-resolution measurements from the\nsurface to the upper troposphere. These include cloud and wind profiling\nradars, disdrometers for raindrop size distribution, a microwave radiometer for\ntemperature and humidity profiling, and a ceilometer for boundary layer and\ncloud base detection. Additional measurements include atmospheric electric\nfield, integrated water vapor from a photometer and a GNSS receptor, standard\nmeteorological variables, and aerosol properties such as particle size\ndistributions. A flux tower complements these observations by measuring\nexchanges of heat and moisture, longside soil temperature in different depths.\nThis diverse instrumentation enables detailed characterization of the vertical\nstructure of clouds, precipitation, and atmospheric state variables, supporting\nadvanced studies on gas–aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions and their role\nin the Amazon climate system.
\nReferences
\n\n- Cecchini et al. (2025): The ATTO-Campina site: A new observatory for tropical\nconvection and gas-aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions in the Amazon.\nBull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., BAMS-D-24-0092.1,\nhttps://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0092.1, in press.
\n
\nLinks
\n\n","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":-2.181583,"longitude":-59.021861,"altitude":30,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Brazil","countryCode":"BR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"catania","humanReadableName":"Catania","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":37.51,"longitude":15.08,"altitude":190,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":"mm1c","actrisId":null,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"chennai","humanReadableName":"Chennai","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["campaign"],"latitude":12.793,"longitude":80.185,"altitude":9,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"India","countryCode":"IN","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"chilbolton","humanReadableName":"Chilbolton","stationName":"CAO","description":null,"type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":51.144,"longitude":-1.439,"altitude":85,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":"bf7p","actrisId":null,"country":"United 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and 50 km\nfrom the Mediterranean coast. It presents large seasonal temperature\ndifferences, low relative humidity, scarce precipitation and light winds\ninfluenced by local mountain–valley flow. The station combines long-term\nmonitoring of the vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosol with in-situ\nmeasurements for aerosol particle characterisation, as well as cloud, solar and\natmospheric radiation monitoring at different spectral ranges. It is part of\nthe Andalusian Global ObseRvatory of the Atmosphere (AGORA), consisting of\nseveral sites allowing the coverage of different atmospheric backgrounds and\ncontributing to three ACTRIS components.
\nRemote cloud observations in Granada have been continuously performed since\n2019, when the station’s first Doppler cloud radar was installed. Since 2024\nthe station is also equipped with a dual-frequency Doppler cloud radar with\nscanning capabilities that continuously feeds data to Cloudnet. These systems\ncomplemented the microwave radiometer and ceilometer measurements initiated in\nprevious years, together with additional instrumentation (e.g. Doppler lidar,\nmeterological station, disdrometer).
\nLinks
\n\n","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":37.164,"longitude":-3.605,"altitude":680,"gaw":"UGR","wigosId":"0-20008-0-UGR","dvasId":"5qss","actrisId":110,"country":"Spain","countryCode":"ES","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"gual-pahari","humanReadableName":"Gual-Pahari","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":28.43,"longitude":77.15,"altitude":243,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":"9t55","actrisId":null,"country":"India","countryCode":"IN","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"hailuoto","humanReadableName":"Hailuoto","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":65.04,"longitude":24.561,"altitude":63,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"halli","humanReadableName":"Halli","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":61.855,"longitude":24.805,"altitude":143,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"hamburg","humanReadableName":"Hamburg","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":53.568,"longitude":9.973,"altitude":25,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":"bfrc","actrisId":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"harmaja","humanReadableName":"Harmaja","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":60.105,"longitude":24.975,"altitude":6,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"hohenpeissenberg","humanReadableName":"Hohenpeissenberg","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":47.8019,"longitude":11.0119,"altitude":974,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"hopen","humanReadableName":"Hopen","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":76.509,"longitude":25.014,"altitude":6,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-01062","dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Norway (Svalbard)","countryCode":"SJ","countrySubdivisionCode":"NO-21","status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"hyytiala","humanReadableName":"Hyytiälä","stationName":"SMEAR II","description":"Hyytiälä is a historical forestry station in Finland, operated by the\nUniversity of Helsinki. Hyytiälä hosts the Station for Measuring\nEcosystem–Atmosphere Relations II\n(SMEAR II), one of the world’s most comprehensive surface in situ\nobservation sites in a boreal forest environment. The instrumentation covers\naerosol dynamics, atmospheric chemistry, micrometeorology, weather monitoring,\ncloud remote sensing and ecophysiology of trees growing in the urban\nenvironment.
\nThe cloud remote observations in Hyytiälä started in 2012 on a campaign basis.\nIn 2014, the second ARM Mobile Facility\n(AMF2) was deployed to Hyytiälä, as a part of Biogenic Aerosols–Effects on\nClouds and Climate experiment (Petäjä et al., 2016). Since then, continuous\nobservations of cloud and precipitation are carried out at the site.
\nThe cloud profiling site is located on the lake Kuivajärvi shore. It is about\n30 m below the base of the SMEAR II mast, where most aerosol\nmeasurements are performed.
\nReferences
\n\n- Petäjä et al. (2016). BAECC: A Field Campaign to Elucidate the Impact of\nBiogenic Aerosols on Clouds and Climate. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,\n97(10), 1909–1928. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00199.1.
\n
\nLinks
\n\n","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":61.844,"longitude":24.287,"altitude":150,"gaw":"SMR","wigosId":"0-20008-0-SMR","dvasId":"ko6m","actrisId":23,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"icon-d2","humanReadableName":"ICON-D2","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"altitude":null,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"inari","humanReadableName":"Inari","stationName":"Inari Saariselkä Kaunispää","description":"Inari is part of weather radar network of Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).
\nLinks
\n\n","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":68.434,"longitude":27.445,"altitude":437,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-02817","dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"invercargill","humanReadableName":"Invercargill","stationName":null,"description":"At the station in Invercargill the Leipzig Aerosol and Cloud Remote\nObservations System (LACROS) of Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research\n(TROPOS) is being deployed from about September 2025 to March 2027. LACROS\ncomprises a full set of remote-sensing instruments for ACTRIS ARS (Aerosol\nRemote Sensing) and CRS (Cloud Remote Sensing), including 35- and 94 GHz\ncloud radars, a scanning Doppler lidar, two ceilometers (one with polarization\ncapabilities) and a Sun/Moon photometer. Unique for LACROS is the operation of\na PollyXT multiwavelength-polarization-Raman lidar.\nFor the deployment to Invercargill, this lidar system was in addition extended\nby a detection channel for fluorescence scattering which enables to distinguish\nfluorescent smoke and other organic aerosols from inorganic ones like volcanic\nsulfates.
\nBesides the set of instruments that provide data to the Cloudnet data portal,\nthe station is additionally equipped with the following remote-sensing and\nin-situ instrumentation:
\n\n- BSRN-compatible surface radiation station equipped with instruments for\nspectrally resolved and broadband incoming and outgoing solar and terrestrial\nradiation
\n- 2-dimensional disdrometer (2DVD)
\n- Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) for aerosol in the size range from\n5 nm to 32 µm
\n- Cloud Condensation Nuclei counter (CCNC)
\n- Low-Volume-Sampler (LVS) for collection of 12-hourly aerosol samples for\nice-nucleating particle analysis
\n
\nThe deployment of LACROS to Invercargill is done in the framework of the\ngoSouth-2 campaign. goSouth-2 has the goal to\nexplore which contrasts in the properties of clouds can be discovered when\nclean and polluted air masses alternately arrive at Invercargill. Thereby, the\nclean air masses arriving to the site usually travelled several days over the\nSouthern Ocean, while air masses originating from Australia tend to be burden\nwith desert dust aerosol or biomass-burning smoke.
\ngoSouth-2 is accompanying the aircraft campaign\nHALO-South\nof the High-Altitude and LOng-range research aircraft (HALO) of the German\nAerospace Centre, which provides in-situ data of aerosols and clouds from\naround New Zealand for the time frame from 6 September to 11 October 2025.
\nReferences:
\n\n- Hofer et al. (2024): Aerosol-related effects on the occurrence of\nheterogeneous ice formation over Lauder, New Zealand ∕ Aotearoa, Atmos.\nChem. Phys., 24(2), 1265–1280, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1265-2024
\n- Radenz et al. (2021): Hemispheric contrasts in ice formation in stratiform\nmixed-phase clouds: disentangling the role of aerosol and dynamics with\nground-based remote sensing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21(23), 17969–17994,\nhttps://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17969-2021
\n
\nLinks
\n\n","type":["campaign"],"latitude":-46.4173,"longitude":168.3307,"altitude":5,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"New Zealand","countryCode":"NZ","countrySubdivisionCode":"NZ-STL","status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"iquique","humanReadableName":"Iquique","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["campaign"],"latitude":-20.539,"longitude":-70.177,"altitude":56,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-85418","dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Chile","countryCode":"CL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"ispra","humanReadableName":"Ispra","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":45.817,"longitude":8.617,"altitude":209,"gaw":"IPR","wigosId":"0-20008-0-IPR","dvasId":"j133","actrisId":null,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"ivalo","humanReadableName":"Ivalo","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":68.615,"longitude":27.423,"altitude":144,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"jan-mayen","humanReadableName":"Jan Mayen","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":70.933,"longitude":-8.667,"altitude":10,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-01001","dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Norway (Jan Mayen)","countryCode":"SJ","countrySubdivisionCode":"NO-22","status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"jarvenpaa","humanReadableName":"Järvenpää","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":60.485,"longitude":25.082,"altitude":51,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"jarvselja","humanReadableName":"Järvselja","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":58.277,"longitude":27.307,"altitude":36,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Estonia","countryCode":"EE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"joensuu","humanReadableName":"Joensuu","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":62.659,"longitude":29.612,"altitude":118,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"juelich","humanReadableName":"Jülich","stationName":"JOYCE","description":"The Jülich Observatory for Cloud Evolution (JOYCE) provides temporally highly\nresolved measurements to improve our understanding of the emergence,\ndevelopment and decay of clouds. The observational platform at the Research\nCentre Jülich is located in an urbanized setting surrounded by forest, within\nrural lowlands amidst two large open lignite mines and agricultural areas.
\nThe facility has been performing continuous ground-based remote sensing\nobservations since 2011. State-of-the-art active and passive remote sensing\ninstruments are used to analyse cloud and precipitation processes as well as\nthe atmospheric boundary layer vertical structure. Temperature and humidity\nprofiling measurements are carried out, as well measurements for obtaining\nhorizontal and vertical winds including turbulence. In addition, detailed\nmicro- and macrophysical properties of clouds are derived.
\nThe scientific objectives of JOYCE are to develop and test new methodologies\nfor quantifying clouds and precipitation, perform model and satellite\nevaluation and to better understand the cloud life cycle within an environment\nwith multiple, complex influences. The extensive long-term data set allows to\ncharacterize diurnal and seasonal patterns in a statistical way.
\nReferences
\n\nLinks
\n\n","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":50.908,"longitude":6.413,"altitude":111,"gaw":"JUE","wigosId":"0-20008-0-JUE","dvasId":"0lym","actrisId":48,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"kajaani","humanReadableName":"Kajaani","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":64.283,"longitude":27.673,"altitude":42,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"kankaanpaa","humanReadableName":"Kankaanpää","stationName":"Kankaanpää Ylisenharju","description":"Kankaanpää is part of weather radar network of Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).
\nLinks
\n\n","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":61.811,"longitude":22.502,"altitude":174,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-246-0-107307","dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"kappelrodeck","humanReadableName":"Kappelrodeck","stationName":null,"description":"Kappelrodeck is a cloud remote sensing measurement site located on the\noutskirts of the village of Kappelrodeck in the Rhine Valley, at the foot of\nthe western slopes of the Black Forest in southwestern Germany. The station is\nsituated at an altitude of approximately 200 m above mean sea level and serves\nas the home base of the KLOCX platform operated by the Karlsruhe Institute of\nTechnology (KIT). Cloud remote sensing observations at Kappelrodeck began in\n2025 and contribute to the monitoring and characterization of cloud and\natmospheric processes in a region strongly influenced by both valley and\nmountain meteorology.
\nLinks
\n\n","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":48.59729,"longitude":8.10794,"altitude":199,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"karlsruhe","humanReadableName":"Karlsruhe","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":49.093,"longitude":8.426,"altitude":110,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"keflavik","humanReadableName":"Keflavik","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":63.983,"longitude":-22.601,"altitude":51,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Iceland","countryCode":"IS","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"kemi","humanReadableName":"Kemi","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":65.789,"longitude":24.582,"altitude":11,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"kenttarova","humanReadableName":"Kenttärova","stationName":"Pallas","description":"Kenttärova is a remote site in Northern Finland. It's a part of the Pallas\nAtmosphere-Ecosystem Supersite\nhosted by the Finnish Meteorological Institute. The station was established in\n2002 and features a 20-meter-high measurement tower for studying\natmosphere–biosphere interactions above a spruce forest (Lohila et al. 2015).\nCloud remote sensing measurements in Kenttärova were first conducted as part of\nthe Pallas Cloud Experiment (PaCE) campaigns in 2015, 2017 and 2019 with\nmeasurements continuing since the 2022 campaign (Tukiainen et al. 2025).
\nReferences
\n\n","type":["cloudnet","polarin"],"latitude":67.987,"longitude":24.243,"altitude":345,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-02824","dvasId":"zsf3","actrisId":26,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"kesalahti","humanReadableName":"Kesälahti","stationName":"Kitee Kesälahti","description":"Kesälahti is part of weather radar network of Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).
\nLinks
\n\n","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":61.907,"longitude":29.798,"altitude":174,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20010-0-02995","dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"kittila","humanReadableName":"Kittilä","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":67.695,"longitude":24.853,"altitude":189,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"kiviniemi","humanReadableName":"Kiviniemi","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["campaign"],"latitude":62.485096,"longitude":27.491229,"altitude":110,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"korppoo","humanReadableName":"Korppoo","stationName":"Parainen Rumar","description":"Korppoo is part of weather radar network of Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).
\nLinks
\n\n","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":60.128,"longitude":21.643,"altitude":21,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20010-0-02933","dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"kosetice","humanReadableName":"Košetice","stationName":"NAOK","description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":49.573,"longitude":15.081,"altitude":531,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Czechia","countryCode":"CZ","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"kruunupyy","humanReadableName":"Kruunupyy","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":63.721,"longitude":23.141,"altitude":21,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"kumpula","humanReadableName":"Kumpula","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":60.204,"longitude":24.963,"altitude":26,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"kuopio","humanReadableName":"Kuopio","stationName":"Kuopio Rytky","description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":63,"longitude":28,"altitude":100,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20010-0-02918","dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"kuusamo","humanReadableName":"Kuusamo","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":65.993,"longitude":29.228,"altitude":266,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"lampedusa","humanReadableName":"Lampedusa","stationName":"ENEA","description":null,"type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":35.5183,"longitude":12.6303,"altitude":45,"gaw":"LMP","wigosId":"0-20008-0-LMP","dvasId":"lp7k","actrisId":86,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"lappeenranta","humanReadableName":"Lappeenranta","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":61.04,"longitude":28.129,"altitude":104,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"laquila","humanReadableName":"L'Aquila","stationName":"CETEMPS","description":null,"type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":42.383,"longitude":13.315,"altitude":683,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":85,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"larkhill","humanReadableName":"Larkhill","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":51.201,"longitude":-1.805,"altitude":132,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"United Kingdom","countryCode":"GB","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"lecce","humanReadableName":"Lecce","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":40.333,"longitude":18.1,"altitude":30,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":"km0f","actrisId":null,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"leipzig","humanReadableName":"Leipzig","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":51.353,"longitude":12.435,"altitude":126,"gaw":"LEI","wigosId":"0-20008-0-LEI","dvasId":"0vtd","actrisId":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"leipzig-lim","humanReadableName":"Leipzig LIM","stationName":"LIM","description":"The Leipzig Institute for Meteorology (LIM) is located close to the\ncity centre of Leipzig on the edge of a garden area. When the\nremote sensing instruments are not being used for field experiments,\nthey are located on the roof platform of the new institute building\nat a height of 126 meters above sea level. Cloud remote sensing\nobservations began in 2020.
\nLinks
\n\n","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":51.333,"longitude":12.389,"altitude":126,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":"4j0y","actrisId":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"lille","humanReadableName":"Lille","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":50.6117,"longitude":3.1417,"altitude":60,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"France","countryCode":"FR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"limassol","humanReadableName":"Limassol","stationName":"CARO","description":"The ERATOSTHENES Centre of Excellence in Limassol, Cyprus is the host\ninstitution of the Cyprus Atmospheric Remote Sensing Observatory (CARO)\nNational Facility (NF) designed for continuous monitoring of aerosols and\nclouds, providing crucial observations and a reference station for\ncalibration/validation of satellite missions.
\nThe CARO’s ground-based atmospheric remote sensing station consolidates\nadvanced infrastructure and high-quality instrumentation for aerosol and cloud\nremote sensing. Located in the heart of Limassol, approximately 800 meters from\nthe coastline, the station captures unique atmospheric data influenced by urban\nand coastal dynamics.
\nLinks
\n\n","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":34.677,"longitude":33.038,"altitude":10,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-196-0-01389","dvasId":"exbb","actrisId":12,"country":"Cyprus","countryCode":"CY","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"lindenberg","humanReadableName":"Lindenberg","stationName":"MOL-RAO","description":null,"type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":52.208,"longitude":14.118,"altitude":104,"gaw":"LIN","wigosId":"0-20008-0-LIN","dvasId":"6zm2","actrisId":49,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"linkoping","humanReadableName":"Linköping","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":58.392,"longitude":15.575,"altitude":70,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":"ym7k","actrisId":null,"country":"Sweden","countryCode":"SE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"luosto","humanReadableName":"Luosto","stationName":"Sodankylä Luosto","description":"Luosto is part of weather radar network of Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).
\nLinks
\n\n","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":67.139,"longitude":26.897,"altitude":532,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20010-0-02840","dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"lutjewad","humanReadableName":"Lutjewad","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["campaign"],"latitude":53.4023,"longitude":6.3487,"altitude":1,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-528-0-LUT","dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Netherlands","countryCode":"NL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"maarianhamina","humanReadableName":"Maarianhamina","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":60.125,"longitude":19.907,"altitude":6,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"mace-head","humanReadableName":"Mace Head","stationName":"MHD","description":null,"type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":53.326,"longitude":-9.9,"altitude":16,"gaw":"MHD","wigosId":"0-20008-0-MHD","dvasId":"bal0","actrisId":null,"country":"Ireland","countryCode":"IE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"madrid","humanReadableName":"Madrid","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":40.457,"longitude":-3.726,"altitude":669,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":"wxjn","actrisId":null,"country":"Spain","countryCode":"ES","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"maido","humanReadableName":"Maïdo Observatory","stationName":"OPAR","description":"The Maïdo Observatory is located on a 2200-meter-high summit on the western\npart of Réunion island, inside a national park. It is under the direct\ninfluence of air masses coming from the west-northwest downhill slope,\npartially covered by a dense tropical forest.
\n","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":-21.079,"longitude":55.383,"altitude":2200,"gaw":"RUN","wigosId":"0-20008-0-RUN","dvasId":"ka8v","actrisId":39,"country":"Réunion","countryCode":"RE","countrySubdivisionCode":"FR-974","status":"active"},{"id":"manaus","humanReadableName":"Manaus","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":-2.89,"longitude":-59.97,"altitude":109,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Brazil","countryCode":"BR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"marambio","humanReadableName":"Marambio","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":-64.24006,"longitude":-56.62478,"altitude":198,"gaw":"MBI","wigosId":"0-20008-0-MBI","dvasId":"2azg","actrisId":28,"country":"Antarctica","countryCode":"AQ","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"marjaniemi","humanReadableName":"Marjaniemi","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":65.04,"longitude":24.561,"altitude":7,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"masada","humanReadableName":"Masada","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":31.323,"longitude":35.372,"altitude":-350,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Israel","countryCode":"IL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"melpitz","humanReadableName":"Melpitz","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":51.53,"longitude":12.93,"altitude":86,"gaw":"MEL","wigosId":"0-20008-0-MEL","dvasId":"fhhq","actrisId":50,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"milesovka","humanReadableName":"Milešovka","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["campaign"],"latitude":50.555,"longitude":13.931,"altitude":837,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-11464","dvasId":null,"actrisId":16,"country":"Czechia","countryCode":"CZ","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"mindelo","humanReadableName":"Mindelo","stationName":"CVAO","description":null,"type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":16.8778,"longitude":-24.995,"altitude":13,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":"nprv","actrisId":55,"country":"Cabo Verde","countryCode":"CV","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"minsk","humanReadableName":"Minsk","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":53.917,"longitude":27.605,"altitude":200,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":"edpj","actrisId":null,"country":"Belarus","countryCode":"BY","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"mod-lyneham","humanReadableName":"MOD Lyneham","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["campaign"],"latitude":51.509,"longitude":-1.999,"altitude":146,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-826-0-156","dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"United Kingdom","countryCode":"GB","countrySubdivisionCode":"GB-ENG","status":"inactive"},{"id":"moufia","humanReadableName":"Moufia","stationName":"OPAR","description":"The Moufia station is located close to the coast on the northern part of\nRéunion island. It's hosted on the campus of University of Réunion. The station\nis under the direct influence of air masses coming from the easterlies.
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\nRemote sensing of cloud parameters started in 1992 with a ceilometer\nImpulsphysik LD-WH X 05. The ceilometer has been replaced by Vaisala CL31 and\nCL51 later. In 2019 a METEK Micro Rain Radar was installed. In 2023 TROPOS\nLeipzig had a full-featured Cloudnet container running at Neumayer Station for\none year. In 2024 the remote sensing capabilities of the Meteorological\nObservatory Neumayer were markedly extended by an RPG-FMCW-94 cloud radar,\nMiniMPL lidar and HALO StreamLine XR+ Doppler lidar. Finally, in 2026 a RPG\nHATPRO microwave radiometer was installed by AWI to replace the TROPOS\ninstrument that had been running there until then.
\nLinks
\n\n","type":["cloudnet","polarin"],"latitude":-70.66,"longitude":-8.284,"altitude":43,"gaw":"NMY","wigosId":"0-20008-0-NMY","dvasId":"kb77","actrisId":null,"country":"Antarctica","countryCode":"AQ","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"nicolosi","humanReadableName":"Nicolosi","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":37.69,"longitude":14.97,"altitude":1740,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":"bgk5","actrisId":null,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"nicosia","humanReadableName":"Nicosia","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":35.141,"longitude":33.381,"altitude":180,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":"k15y","actrisId":null,"country":"Cyprus","countryCode":"CY","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"norunda","humanReadableName":"Norunda","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":60.086,"longitude":17.479,"altitude":46,"gaw":"NOR","wigosId":"0-20008-0-NOR","dvasId":"d83u","actrisId":null,"country":"Sweden","countryCode":"SE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"nurmes","humanReadableName":"Nurmes","stationName":"Nurmes Mujejärvi Riihivaara","description":"Nurmes is part of weather radar network of Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).
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\nSIRTA addresses the needs of four missions that span on multi-decadal time scales:
\n\n- \n
Atmospheric Monitoring: SIRTA carries out and provides access to long time series of\natmospheric observations necessary to improve our knowledge of atmospheric physico-chemical\nprocesses (gases, aerosols, clouds, precipitation, thermodynamics, dynamics, radiation),\nto study climate variability on decadal and regional scales, and to evaluate atmospheric models.
\n \n- \n
Atmospheric Exploration: SIRTA hosts experimental measurement campaigns in a rich\nobservational environment, equipped with efficient logistics. It allows us to explore\ncomplex atmospheric processes, to develop methods exploiting instrumental synergies\n(tracers, in-situ series and remote sensing), to prepare future satellite observations\nand validate on-going ones, to develop new parameterizations for models, to test and qualify new instruments.
\n \n- \n
Experimental teaching: SIRTA allows the realization of experimental work and teaching\nprojects that take place as part of atmospheric science courses (hosting of students at\nBachelor, Master and Doctorate levels).
\n \n- \n
Metrological and radiative expertise: SIRTA hosts two expertise centers of the\nACTRIS research infrastructure which aim at\nimproving the quality of measurements, methods and data of networks of observations of\nphysical properties of clouds (CCRES) and the\nphysico-chemical properties of aerosols (ACMCC).\nSIRTA also hosts and maintains a surface radiation budget station that contribute\nto the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN).
\n \n
\nThe scientific perimeter of activities carried out at SIRTA includes reactive and\ngreenhouse gases, aerosols, clouds, and precipitation, radiative exchanges, heat fluxes,\natmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics. The scientific applications also concern the\nuse of these fields of expertise to study their impact on human activities such as health,\ntransport and energy (with a particular focus on solar and wind renewable energies).
\nLinks
\n\n","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":48.717,"longitude":2.209,"altitude":156,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-250-1001-07151","dvasId":"k0wb","actrisId":37,"country":"France","countryCode":"FR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"payerne","humanReadableName":"Payerne","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":46.813,"longitude":6.944,"altitude":491,"gaw":"PAY","wigosId":"0-20008-0-PAY","dvasId":"7tbf","actrisId":122,"country":"Switzerland","countryCode":"CH","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"petajavesi","humanReadableName":"Petäjävesi","stationName":"Petäjävesi Kintaus","description":"Petäjävesi is part of weather radar network of Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).
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\n\n","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":62.305,"longitude":25.44,"altitude":2671,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20010-0-02775","dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"pori","humanReadableName":"Pori","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":61.46,"longitude":21.808,"altitude":11,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"potenza","humanReadableName":"Potenza","stationName":"CIAO","description":null,"type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":40.601,"longitude":15.724,"altitude":760,"gaw":"POT","wigosId":"0-20008-0-POT","dvasId":"epdw","actrisId":78,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"punta-arenas","humanReadableName":"Punta Arenas","stationName":null,"description":"The LACROS observational facility was deployed in Punta Arenas, Chile at the\nsouthern tip of South America for a long-term campaign in the framework of the\nfield experiment Dynamics, Aerosol, Clouds and Precipitation Observations in\nthe Pristine Environment of the Southern Ocean\n(DACAPO-PESO), a research initiative of Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric\nResearch, Leipzig, Germany in joint collaboration with the University of\nMagallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile, and the University of Leipzig, Leipzig,\nGermany.
\nThe campaign location was in the premises of the University of Magallanes,\nPunta Arenas, Chile.
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\nLinks
\n\n","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":62.863,"longitude":27.381,"altitude":268,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20010-0-02918","dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"rzecin","humanReadableName":"Rzecin","stationName":"PolWet","description":null,"type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":52.758,"longitude":16.31,"altitude":57,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":"7k33","actrisId":95,"country":"Poland","countryCode":"PL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"saint-petersburg","humanReadableName":"Saint Petersburg","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":59.943,"longitude":30.273,"altitude":35,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":"gzxp","actrisId":null,"country":"Russia","countryCode":"RU","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"sammaltunturi","humanReadableName":"Sammaltunturi","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":67.973,"longitude":24.116,"altitude":560,"gaw":"PAL","wigosId":"0-20008-0-PAL","dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"san-giuliano","humanReadableName":"San Giuliano","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":42.27,"longitude":9.52,"altitude":39,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"san-pietro-capofiume","humanReadableName":"San Pietro Capofiume","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":44.6538,"longitude":11.6228,"altitude":10,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":"0hfk","actrisId":null,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"sao-paulo","humanReadableName":"São Paulo","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":-23.5607,"longitude":-46.7398,"altitude":764,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Brazil","countryCode":"BR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"save","humanReadableName":"Savè","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":8.001,"longitude":2.428,"altitude":166,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Benin","countryCode":"BJ","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"savilahti","humanReadableName":"Savilahti","stationName":null,"description":"Savilahti is a semi-urban site in Eastern Finland (Hirsikko et al., 2014). It\nis located 3 km from the town centre of Kuopio in University of Eastern\nFinland campus area and operated by the Finnish Meteorological Institute.
\nReferences
\n\n- Hirsikko et al. (2014). Observing wind, aerosol particles, cloud and\nprecipitation: Finland's new ground-based remote-sensing network. Atmos.\nMeas. Tech., 7(5), 1351–1375. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1351-2014
\n
\nLinks
\n\n","type":["campaign"],"latitude":62.89,"longitude":27.631,"altitude":100,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-02955","dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"savonlinna","humanReadableName":"Savonlinna","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":61.946,"longitude":28.931,"altitude":93,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"schneefernerhaus","humanReadableName":"Schneefernerhaus","stationName":"UFS","description":null,"type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":47.417,"longitude":10.977,"altitude":2653,"gaw":"ZSF","wigosId":"0-20008-0-ZSF","dvasId":"ix3y","actrisId":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"siilinjarvi","humanReadableName":"Siilinjärvi","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":63.008,"longitude":27.799,"altitude":96,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"dvasId":null,"actrisId":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"sodankyla","humanReadableName":"Sodankylä","stationName":null,"description":"Sodankylä is an Arctic measurement site in Northern Finland (Hirsikko et al.,\n2014). It is located 7 km from the municipality centre of Sodankylä. The\nstation is part of Sodankylä Supersite\nhosted by the Finnish Meteorological Institute.
\nReferences
\n\n- Hirsikko et al. (2014). Observing wind, aerosol particles, cloud and\nprecipitation: Finland's new ground-based remote-sensing network. Atmos.\nMeas. Tech., 7(5), 1351–1375. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1351-2014
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\nTroll is located around 235 km from the coast in Dronning Maud Land, a\ncentral area for Norwegian research in Antarctica. It is unusually located on\nthe slope between the coast and the interior plateau.
\nThe station is manned year round. It can accommodate six people in the\nAntarctic winter and many more in summer.
\nIntensive cloud monitoring at the station started in the southern summer\n2024–25. Other atmospheric monitoring goes back many years.
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\nLinks
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\nReferences
\n\n- Hirsikko et al. (2014). Observing wind, aerosol particles, cloud and\nprecipitation: Finland's new ground-based remote-sensing network. Atmos.\nMeas. Tech., 7(5), 1351–1375. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1351-2014
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\nLinks
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\nLinks
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\nLinks
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