[{"id":"al-dhaid","humanReadableName":"Al Dhaid","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":25.234,"longitude":55.976,"altitude":167,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"United Arab Emirates","countryCode":"AE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"alomar","humanReadableName":"Alomar","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":69.2783,"longitude":16.009,"altitude":380,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"bc6t","dvasName":"Andøya","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Norway","countryCode":"NO","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"amapola","humanReadableName":"Amapola","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":37.911,"longitude":-3.228,"altitude":370,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Spain","countryCode":"ES","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"andenes","humanReadableName":"Andenes","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":69.2783,"longitude":16.009,"altitude":380,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"bc6t","dvasName":"Andøya","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Norway","countryCode":"NO","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"anjalankoski","humanReadableName":"Anjalankoski","stationName":"ANJ","description":"Anjalankoski (ANJ) is a weather radar site located in Kaipiainen, Kouvola, Southeast Finland. The site was established in 1994 as part of the weather radar network of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).\n\nCloudnet only ingests weather radar data from vertical-pointing \"birdbath\" scans, which are done every 15 minutes to calibrate the differential reflectivity (ZDR). The conventional data from the weather radar, including composite from the radar network, are available from [FMI's open data](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/open-data).\n\n## Links\n\n- [FMI radar network](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/fmi-radar-network)","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":60.904,"longitude":27.108,"altitude":139,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20010-0-02954","wigosName":"RADAR Anjalankoski","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"antikythera","humanReadableName":"Antikythera","stationName":"PANGEA","description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":35.86,"longitude":23.31,"altitude":193,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"zg6g","dvasName":"Antikythera","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Greece","countryCode":"GR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"apukka","humanReadableName":"Apukka","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":66.579,"longitude":26.011,"altitude":106,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"are","humanReadableName":"Åre","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":63.402,"longitude":13.076,"altitude":400,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Sweden","countryCode":"SE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"arm-andoya","humanReadableName":"Andøya","stationName":null,"description":"The first ARM Mobile Facility (AMF1) operated near the town of Andenes on Andøya island, Norway from December 2019 to May 2020 as part of the Cold-Air Outbreaks in the Marine Boundary Layer Experiment (COMBLE) campaign.\n\n## Links\n\n- [COMBLE home page](https://arm.gov/research/campaigns/amf2019comble)","type":["arm"],"latitude":69.141,"longitude":15.684,"altitude":2,"gaw":"ARR","wigosId":"0-20008-0-ARR","wigosName":"Andoya","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Norway","countryCode":"NO","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"arm-ascension","humanReadableName":"Ascension Island","stationName":null,"description":"The first ARM Mobile Facility (AMF1) operated on Ascension Island from June 2016 to October 2017 as part of the Layered Atlantic Smoke Interactions with Clouds (LASIC) campaign.\n\n## Links\n\n- [LASIC home page](https://arm.gov/research/campaigns/amf2016lasic)","type":["arm"],"latitude":-7.967,"longitude":-14.35,"altitude":341,"gaw":"ASC","wigosId":"0-20008-0-ASC","wigosName":"Ascension Island","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"British Overseas Territory","countryCode":"SH","countrySubdivisionCode":"SH-AC","status":"inactive"},{"id":"arm-aware","humanReadableName":"West Antarctic","stationName":null,"description":"The second ARM Mobile Facility (AMF2) operated in West Antarctica from November 2015 to January 2017 as part of the ARM West Antarctic Radiation Experiment (AWARE) campaign.\n\n## Links\n\n- [AWARE home page](https://arm.gov/research/campaigns/amf2015aware)","type":["arm"],"latitude":-77.85,"longitude":166.73,"altitude":76,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Antarctica","countryCode":"AQ","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"arm-banizoumbou","humanReadableName":"Banizoumbou","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","arm"],"latitude":13.522,"longitude":2.632,"altitude":228,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"wmu4","dvasName":"Banizoumbou","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Niger","countryCode":"NE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"arm-bjornoya","humanReadableName":"Bjørnøya","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","arm","model"],"latitude":74.504,"longitude":19.002,"altitude":18,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-01028","wigosName":"BJORNOYA","dvasId":"sflc","dvasName":"Bjørnøya","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Norway (Svalbard)","countryCode":"SJ","countrySubdivisionCode":"NO-21","status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"arm-cape-cod","humanReadableName":"Cape Cod","stationName":null,"description":"The first ARM Mobile Facility (AMF1) operated at Cape Cod, Massachusetts from July 2012 to June 2013 as part of the Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP) campaign.\n\n## Links\n\n- [TCAP home page](https://arm.gov/research/campaigns/aaf2012tcap)","type":["arm"],"latitude":42.031,"longitude":-70.049,"altitude":15,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"United States","countryCode":"US","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"arm-darwin","humanReadableName":"Darwin","stationName":null,"description":"The third facility of the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) Ocean site operated in Darwin, Australia from 2002 to 2014.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Tropical Western Pacific home page](https://arm.gov/capabilities/observatories/twp)","type":["arm"],"latitude":-12.426,"longitude":130.898,"altitude":30,"gaw":"DWN","wigosId":"0-20008-0-DWN","wigosName":"Darwin","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Australia","countryCode":"AU","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"arm-ganges","humanReadableName":"Ganges","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","arm"],"latitude":29.359,"longitude":79.458,"altitude":1936,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"ns5i","dvasName":"Nainital","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"India","countryCode":"IN","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"arm-graciosa","humanReadableName":"Graciosa","stationName":"ENA","description":"The Eastern North Atlantic (ENA) is a fixed-location atmospheric observatory of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility located on Graciosa Island.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Eastern North Atlantic home page](https://arm.gov/capabilities/observatories/ena)","type":["arm"],"latitude":39.092,"longitude":-28.031,"altitude":30,"gaw":"GRW","wigosId":"0-620-3020-9507","wigosName":"Graciosa","dvasId":"39gs","dvasName":"Graciosa","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Portugal (Azores)","countryCode":"PT","countrySubdivisionCode":"PT-20","status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"arm-macquarie","humanReadableName":"Macquarie Island","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","arm"],"latitude":-54.5,"longitude":158.935,"altitude":4,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Australia","countryCode":"AU","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"arm-maldives","humanReadableName":"Maldives","stationName":null,"description":"The second ARM Mobile Facility (AMF2) operated on Gan Island, Maldives from October 2011 to March 2012 as part of the ARM Madden-Julian Oscillation Investigation Experiment- Gan Island (AMIE-GAN) campaign.\n\n## Links\n\n- [AMIE-GAN home page](https://arm.gov/research/campaigns/amf2011amie-gan)","type":["arm"],"latitude":1.978,"longitude":73.396,"altitude":1,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Maldives","countryCode":"MV","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"arm-manacapuru","humanReadableName":"Manacapuru","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","arm"],"latitude":-3.213,"longitude":-60.598,"altitude":50,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"v1fy","dvasName":"Manacapuru","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Brazil","countryCode":"BR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"arm-murgtal","humanReadableName":"Murgtal","stationName":null,"description":"The first ARM Mobile Facility (AMF1) operated in the Black Forest area, Germany from April 2007 to December 2007 as part of the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS) campaign.\n\n## Links\n\n- [COPS home page](https://arm.gov/research/campaigns/amf2007cops)","type":["arm"],"latitude":48.54,"longitude":8.397,"altitude":511,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"nwy6","dvasName":"Murgtal","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"arm-niamey","humanReadableName":"Niamey","stationName":null,"description":"The first ARM Mobile Facility (AMF1) operated in Niamey, Niger from January 2006 to January 2007 as part of the RAdiative Divergence using AMF, GERB and AMMA STations (RADAGAST) campaign.\n\n## Links\n\n- [RADAGAST home page](https://arm.gov/research/campaigns/amf2006RADAGAST)","type":["arm"],"latitude":13.513,"longitude":2.049,"altitude":223,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Niger","countryCode":"NE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"arm-nsa","humanReadableName":"North Slope of Alaska","stationName":"NSA","description":"The North Slope of Alaska (NSA) is a fixed-location atmospheric observatory of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility.\n\n## Links\n\n- [North Slope of Alaska home page](https://arm.gov/capabilities/observatories/nsa)","type":["arm"],"latitude":71.323,"longitude":-156.609,"altitude":8,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"United States","countryCode":"US","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"arm-oliktok","humanReadableName":"Oliktok","stationName":null,"description":"The third ARM Mobile Facility (AMF3) operated at Oliktok Point on the North Slope of Alaska from September 2013 to June 2021.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Oliktok Point home page](https://arm.gov/capabilities/observatories/oli)","type":["arm"],"latitude":70.495,"longitude":-149.886,"altitude":2,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"United States","countryCode":"US","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"arm-sgp","humanReadableName":"Southern Great Plains","stationName":"SGP","description":"The Southern Great Plains (SPG) central facility is located near Lamont, north-central Oklahoma, United States. The facility was established in 1993, and it's one of the three fixed-location observatories of Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility, alongside [Graciosa](/site/arm-graciosa) and [North Slope of Alaska](/site/arm-nsa).\n\n## Links\n\n- [SGP Central Facility](https://arm.gov/capabilities/observatories/sgp/locations/C1)\n- [SGP home page](https://arm.gov/capabilities/observatories/sgp)","type":["arm"],"latitude":36.608,"longitude":-97.488,"altitude":316,"gaw":"SGP","wigosId":"0-20008-0-SGP","wigosName":"Southern Great Plains E13 (OK)","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"United States","countryCode":"US","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"arm-yacanto","humanReadableName":"Villa Yacanto","stationName":null,"description":"The first ARM Mobile Facility (AMF1) operated in Cordoba, Argentina from September 2018 to April 2019 as part of the Cloud, Aerosol, and Complex Terrain Interactions Aerial Campaign (CACTI-AC) campaign.\n\n## Links\n\n- [CACTI-AC home page](https://arm.gov/research/campaigns/aaf2018CACTI-AC)","type":["arm"],"latitude":-32.126,"longitude":-64.728,"altitude":1141,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Argentina","countryCode":"AR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"athens","humanReadableName":"Athens","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":37.96,"longitude":23.78,"altitude":212,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"tIU1","dvasName":"Athens NTUA","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Greece","countryCode":"GR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"athens-noa","humanReadableName":"Athens-NOA","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":35.338,"longitude":25.67,"altitude":243,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Greece","countryCode":"GR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"auchencorth-moss","humanReadableName":"Auchencorth Moss","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":55.792,"longitude":-3.243,"altitude":270,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"United Kingdom","countryCode":"GB","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"baranova","humanReadableName":"Baranova","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":79.28,"longitude":101.617,"altitude":20,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Russia","countryCode":"RU","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"barbados","humanReadableName":"Barbados","stationName":null,"description":"The Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO) was established in 2010 at the easternmost point of the Caribbean island Barbados.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Barbados Cloud Observatory home page](https://mpimet.mpg.de/en/research/observations/barbados-cloud-observatory)","type":["campaign"],"latitude":13.164,"longitude":-59.432,"altitude":20,"gaw":"RPB","wigosId":"0-20008-0-RPB","wigosName":"Ragged Point","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Barbados","countryCode":"BB","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"barcelona","humanReadableName":"Barcelona","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":41.393,"longitude":2.12,"altitude":115,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Spain","countryCode":"ES","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"belgrade","humanReadableName":"Belgrade","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":44.856,"longitude":20.391,"altitude":89,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"q8yq","dvasName":"Belgrade","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Serbia","countryCode":"RS","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"belsk","humanReadableName":"Belsk","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":51.83,"longitude":20.78,"altitude":180,"gaw":"COG","wigosId":"0-20008-0-COG","wigosName":"Belsk","dvasId":"r3qt","dvasName":"Belsk","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Poland","countryCode":"PL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"bilthoven","humanReadableName":"Bilthoven","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":52.1,"longitude":5.18,"altitude":2,"gaw":"DBT","wigosId":"0-20008-0-DBT","wigosName":"De Bilt","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Netherlands","countryCode":"NL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"bucharest","humanReadableName":"Bucharest","stationName":"RADO-Bucharest","description":"The Bucharest site is operated by the [National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics (INOE 2000)](https://www.inoe.ro/en/) and is located in Măgurele, on the south-western outskirts of Bucharest. The station is part of the [Romanian Atmospheric Research 3D Observatory (RADO)](https://environment.inoe.ro/the-romanian-atmospheric-research-3d-observatory-rado/) together with the [Cluj-Napoca](https://cloudnet.fmi.fi/site/cluj) and [Galați](https://cloudnet.fmi.fi/site/galati) sites, and hosts a wide range of active and passive remote sensing instruments for aerosol, cloud and trace gas observations.\n\nThe site is characterised by a continental climate with a strong urban influence, making it suitable for studying aerosol–cloud interactions in a polluted environment.\n","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":44.344,"longitude":26.012,"altitude":77,"gaw":"INO","wigosId":"0-20008-0-INO","wigosName":"Magurele_INOE","dvasId":"lbok","dvasName":"Bucharest II","actrisId":99,"actrisName":"RADO-Bucharest","labellingStatus":"initially-accepted","country":"Romania","countryCode":"RO","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"burjassot","humanReadableName":"Burjassot","stationName":"BASS","description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":39.5,"longitude":-0.42,"altitude":89,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-724-60000-00000000000UV001","wigosName":"Burjassot Atmospheric Station","dvasId":"5J7K","dvasName":"Valencia (Burjassot)","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Spain","countryCode":"ES","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"cabauw","humanReadableName":"Cabauw","stationName":"CESAR","description":"The Cabauw site is located in the western Netherlands, about 20 km south-west of Utrecht, in a flat polder of grass and peat land 0.7 m below sea level. Coordinated by the [Royal Netherlands\nMeteorological Institute (KNMI)](https://www.knmi.nl/over-het-knmi/about), it has been a centre for atmospheric research since the early 1970s and is best known for its 213 m meteorological tower. Today the site is the main station of the [Ruisdael Observatory](https://ruisdael-observatory.nl/cabauw/), the Dutch national atmospheric research infrastructure.\n\nCabauw is one of three stations in the [original Cloudnet project](https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/EVK2-CT-2000-00065) with first cloud remote sensing measurements back in 2001. Nowadays, Cabauw hosts one of the most comprehensive ground-based remote sensing suites in Europe, combining vertical profiling of clouds, aerosols, humidity, temperature, and wind with in-situ tower measurements, surface fluxes, and radiation.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Cabauw at the Ruisdael Observatory](https://ruisdael-observatory.nl/cabauw/)\n- [Ruisdael Observatory](https://ruisdael-observatory.nl/)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":51.968,"longitude":4.927,"altitude":-1,"gaw":"CBW","wigosId":"0-20008-0-CES","wigosName":"Cesar (Cabauw)","dvasId":"oy7a","dvasName":"Cabauw Zijdeweg","actrisId":88,"actrisName":"Ruisdael Observatory: Cabauw","labellingStatus":"planned","country":"Netherlands","countryCode":"NL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"camborne","humanReadableName":"Camborne","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":50.2,"longitude":-5.3,"altitude":93,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"United Kingdom","countryCode":"GB","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"campina","humanReadableName":"ATTO-Campina","stationName":null,"description":"The ATTO-Campina site is a permanent observational facility in the central Amazon, about 4 km from the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) within the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve, 150 km from Manaus. It is installed in a campinarana ecosystem of sandy soils and low vegetation, which allows remote sensing observations that are not feasible under the dense forest canopy at the ATTO tower site.\n\nOperational since 2020, ATTO-Campina complements the in situ measurements at the ATTO towers by\nextending observations to the full atmospheric column, with a focus on cloud and precipitation\nprocesses. Cloud and wind profiling radars, a microwave radiometer, a ceilometer, disdrometers and a flux tower provide continuous measurements from the surface to the upper troposphere, supporting studies of gas–aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions in a near-pristine tropical environment.\n\n## References\n\n- Cecchini et al. (2025): The ATTO-Campina site: A new observatory for tropical convection and gas-aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions in the Amazon. _Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc._, BAMS-D-24-0092.1, , in press.\n\n## Links\n\n- [ATTO-Campina homepage](https://atto-campina.iag.usp.br/)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":-2.181583,"longitude":-59.021861,"altitude":30,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-76-39-ATTO","wigosName":"ATTO - INPA","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Brazil","countryCode":"BR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"catania","humanReadableName":"Catania","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":37.51,"longitude":15.08,"altitude":190,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"mm1c","dvasName":"Catania","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"chennai","humanReadableName":"Chennai","stationName":null,"description":"Chennai is an urban observatory in South India, situated in a coastal tropical megacity environment. It's hosted by Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) in partnership with Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) as part of CO-ENHANCIN project.","type":["other"],"latitude":12.793,"longitude":80.185,"altitude":9,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"India","countryCode":"IN","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"chilbolton","humanReadableName":"Chilbolton","stationName":"CAO","description":"The Chilbolton site is the [Chilbolton Observatory](https://www.ukri.org/who-we-are/stfc/facilities/chilbolton-observatory/) in Hampshire, southern England, operated by RAL Space, part of the Science and Technology Facilities Council. The atmospheric science facilities are run on behalf of the Natural Environment Research Council through the [National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS)](https://ncas.ac.uk/). The observatory is best known for its fully steerable 25 m antenna, home to the CAMRa 3 GHz weather radar, and also hosts radio propagation experiments and a station of the LOFAR radio telescope.\n\nChilbolton has been part of Cloudnet since the [original project](https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/EVK2-CT-2000-00065) with measurements going back to 1999, and its cloud radar, lidar and microwave radiometer observations form one of the longest continuous cloud profiling records in Europe. The rural location in open chalk downland provides an unobstructed view for scanning radar studies of clouds and precipitation alongside the vertically pointing Cloudnet instruments.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Chilbolton Observatory](https://www.ukri.org/who-we-are/stfc/facilities/chilbolton-observatory/)\n- [National Centre for Atmospheric Science](https://ncas.ac.uk/)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":51.144,"longitude":-1.439,"altitude":85,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-826-300-5","wigosName":"CHILBOLTON","dvasId":"bf7p","dvasName":"Chilbolton Observatory","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"United Kingdom","countryCode":"GB","countrySubdivisionCode":"GB-ENG","status":"active"},{"id":"clermont-ferrand","humanReadableName":"Clermont-Ferrand","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":45.761,"longitude":3.111,"altitude":420,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"y4bq","dvasName":"Clermont-Ferrand","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"France","countryCode":"FR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"cluj","humanReadableName":"Cluj-Napoca","stationName":"RADO-Cluj","description":"RADO-Cluj is operated by the Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering of\n[Babeș-Bolyai University](https://www.ubbcluj.ro/en/) in Cluj-Napoca, north-western Romania. The\nstation is part of the Romanian Atmospheric Research 3D Observatory (RADO) together with the\n[Bucharest](https://cloudnet.fmi.fi/site/bucharest) and [Galați](https://cloudnet.fmi.fi/site/galati) sites, and forms the core of the [Cluj Atmospheric Remote sensing Observatory (CARO)](https://actris-ubb.ro/en/home-english/), the university's ACTRIS facility for long-term aerosol and cloud observations.\n\nGiven the limited coverage of similar sites in the region, the observations are representative of\nTransylvania and the wider Pannonian Basin. The urban setting is influenced by traffic emissions and by residential heating in winter, with little industrial contribution, making it suited for studying cloud and aerosol properties in a moderately polluted continental environment.\n","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":46.7678,"longitude":23.54006,"altitude":459,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-642-2010-CLJ","wigosName":"CLUJ_UBB","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":100,"actrisName":"RADO-Cluj","labellingStatus":"initially-accepted","country":"Romania","countryCode":"RO","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"cork","humanReadableName":"Cork","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":51.893,"longitude":-8.494,"altitude":75,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"qmy0","dvasName":"Cork","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Ireland","countryCode":"IE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"corte","humanReadableName":"Corte","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":43.3,"longitude":6.17,"altitude":369,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"France","countryCode":"FR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"davos","humanReadableName":"Davos","stationName":null,"description":"Measurements at Davos, Swiss Alps were conducted as part of Role of Aerosols and CLouds Enhanced by Topography on Snow (RACLETS) campaign from February and March 2019.\n\n## References\n\n- Wieder et al. (2022). [Retrieving ice-nucleating particle concentration and ice multiplication factors using active remote sensing validated by in situ observations](https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9767-2022). *Atmos. Chem. Phys.*, *22*, 9767–9797","type":["campaign"],"latitude":46.836,"longitude":9.854,"altitude":1630,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"75i2","dvasName":"Davos","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Switzerland","countryCode":"CH","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"delft","humanReadableName":"Delft","stationName":null,"description":"Delft is a measurement site in The Green Village, Delft, Southern Netherlands, hosted by Delft University of Technology (TU Delft).","type":["other"],"latitude":51.996,"longitude":4.379,"altitude":-4,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"5f99","dvasName":"Delft","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Netherlands","countryCode":"NL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"dushanbe","humanReadableName":"Dushanbe","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":38.5594,"longitude":68.8561,"altitude":864,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"o6l8","dvasName":"Dushanbe","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Tajikistan","countryCode":"TJ","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"eriswil","humanReadableName":"Eriswil","stationName":null,"description":"Eriswil is a campaign site located in Rapier Platz, Swiss Plateau. As part of ETH Zurich's [CloudLab project](https://cloudlab.ethz.ch/), measurements were conducted there during two winter campaigns. The site is characterized by frequent fog and low stratus clouds in the winter months.","type":["campaign"],"latitude":47.071,"longitude":7.873,"altitude":921,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-756-2-ERISWIL","wigosName":"Eriswil","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Switzerland","countryCode":"CH","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"eureka","humanReadableName":"Eureka","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":79.99,"longitude":-85.93,"altitude":83,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Canada","countryCode":"CA","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"evora","humanReadableName":"Évora","stationName":"EVASO","description":"Evora Atmospheric Science Observatory (EVASO) is a measurement station in Southwest Europe hosted by University of Évora. The site is characterized by cloud-free conditions influenced by aerosols from long-range transport of Saharan mineral dust and biomass burning from local and distant forest fires. The site provides ceilometer and microwave radiometer measurements to Cloudnet.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT) infrastructures](https://www.icterra.pt/g1/index.php/infrastructures/)","type":["other"],"latitude":38.568,"longitude":-7.912,"altitude":293,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-620-3704-5480","wigosName":"EVASO","dvasId":"n7ka","dvasName":"Evora","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Portugal","countryCode":"PT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"falkenberg","humanReadableName":"Falkenberg","stationName":null,"description":"Falkenberg is a campaign site 5 kilometers south of [Lindenberg](/site/lindenberg), Germany. Both sites participated in the [C3SAR campaign](https://c3sar.de/campaign/) from May to August 2026.","type":["campaign"],"latitude":52.167,"longitude":14.117,"altitude":73,"gaw":"DFA","wigosId":"0-20008-0-DFA","wigosName":"Falkenberg","dvasId":"p2ge","dvasName":"Falkenberg","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"finokalia","humanReadableName":"Finokalia","stationName":"FKL","description":"Measurements in Finokalia, Crete were conducted during the PRE-TECT experiment in April 2017 organized by the National Observatory of Athens (NOA).\n\n## References\n\n- Marinou et al. (2021). [Geometrical and Microphysical Properties of Clouds Formed in the Presence of Dust above the Eastern Mediterranean](https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13245001). *Remote Sensing*. *13*(24), 5001\n\n## Links\n\n- [PRE-TECT home page](http://pre-tect.space.noa.gr/)","type":["campaign"],"latitude":35.338,"longitude":25.668,"altitude":257,"gaw":"FKL","wigosId":"0-20008-0-FKL","wigosName":"Finokalia","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Greece (Crete)","countryCode":"GR","countrySubdivisionCode":"GR-M","status":"inactive"},{"id":"galati","humanReadableName":"Galați","stationName":"RADO-Galați","description":"The Galați site is a cloud remote sensing station in eastern Romania, operated by the\n[\"Dunărea de Jos\" University of Galați](https://www.ugal.ro/). The station is located in the city of Galați on the bank of the Danube river and is part of the Climate Change Observation Platform of [REXDAN](https://rexdan.ugal.ro/), a research infrastructure for integrated environmental research and monitoring in the Danube river area built during 2020–2023. The station is part of the [Romanian Atmospheric Research 3D Observatory (RADO)](https://environment.inoe.ro/the-romanian-atmospheric-research-3d-observatory-rado/) together with the [Cluj-Napoca](https://cloudnet.fmi.fi/site/cluj) and [Bucharest](https://cloudnet.fmi.fi/site/bucharest) sites.\n\nREXDAN has laboratories both on a research vessel and on the mainland. Alongside the cloud remote sensing instruments, the Climate Change and Atmospheric laboratories host radiation and air pollution monitoring equipment. The scientific focus is on atmospheric physical and chemical properties, climate science and atmosphere–water–soil interactions.\n","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":45.435,"longitude":28.037,"altitude":40,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-15310","wigosName":"GALATI","dvasId":"sy91","dvasName":"Galati","actrisId":102,"actrisName":"RADO-Galati","labellingStatus":"initially-accepted","country":"Romania","countryCode":"RO","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"garmish","humanReadableName":"Garmisch-Partenkirchen","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":47.477,"longitude":11.064,"altitude":730,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"granada","humanReadableName":"Granada","stationName":"AGORA","description":"The [UGR station](https://atmosphere.ugr.es/en/about/presentation/facilities/ugr-station), operated by the University of Granada, is located in Granada, a non-industrialised city (>500k inhabitants including the metropolitan area) surrounded by mountains up to 3398 m asl and 50 km from the Mediterranean coast. The site is characterised by large seasonal temperature variations, low relative humidity, scarce precipitation and light mountain–valley winds. It combines long-term aerosol profiling and in-situ characterisation with cloud and radiation observations, and is part of the [Andalusian Global ObseRvatory of the Atmosphere (AGORA)](https://atmosphere.ugr.es/en/about/presentation/agora), contributing to three ACTRIS components.\n\nRemote cloud observations began in 2019 with the installation of a Doppler cloud radar. Since 2024, a scanning dual-frequency Doppler cloud radar has continuously fed data to Cloudnet, complementing the existing microwave radiometer and ceilometer, as well as Doppler lidar, meteorological and disdrometer measurements.\n\n## Links\n\n- [AGORA main site](https://atmosphere.ugr.es/en/research/projects/pls2022)\n- [UGR station site](https://atmosphere.ugr.es/en/about/presentation/facilities/ugr-station)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":37.164,"longitude":-3.605,"altitude":680,"gaw":"UGR","wigosId":"0-20008-0-UGR","wigosName":"University of Granada-GFAT","dvasId":"5qss","dvasName":"Granada","actrisId":110,"actrisName":"AGORA","labellingStatus":"initially-accepted","country":"Spain","countryCode":"ES","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"gual-pahari","humanReadableName":"Gual-Pahari","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":28.43,"longitude":77.15,"altitude":243,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"9t55","dvasName":"Gual Pahari","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"India","countryCode":"IN","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"hailuoto","humanReadableName":"Hailuoto","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":65.04,"longitude":24.561,"altitude":63,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"halli","humanReadableName":"Halli","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":61.855,"longitude":24.805,"altitude":143,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"hamburg","humanReadableName":"Hamburg","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":53.568,"longitude":9.973,"altitude":25,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"bfrc","dvasName":"Hamburg","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"harmaja","humanReadableName":"Harmaja","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":60.105,"longitude":24.975,"altitude":6,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"hohenpeissenberg","humanReadableName":"Hohenpeissenberg","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":47.8019,"longitude":11.0119,"altitude":974,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"hopen","humanReadableName":"Hopen","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":76.509,"longitude":25.014,"altitude":6,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-01062","wigosName":"HOPEN","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Norway (Svalbard)","countryCode":"SJ","countrySubdivisionCode":"NO-21","status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"hyytiala","humanReadableName":"Hyytiälä","stationName":"SMEAR II","description":"Hyytiälä is a historical forestry station in Finland, operated by the University of Helsinki. Hyytiälä hosts the [Station for Measuring Ecosystem–Atmosphere Relations II](https://www.atm.helsinki.fi/smear/smear-ii/) (SMEAR II), one of the world’s most comprehensive surface in situ observation sites in a boreal forest environment. The instrumentation covers aerosol dynamics, atmospheric chemistry, micrometeorology, weather monitoring, cloud remote sensing and ecophysiology of trees growing in the urban environment.\n\nThe cloud remote observations in Hyytiälä started in 2012 on a campaign basis. In 2014, the second [ARM Mobile Facility](https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/observatories/amf) (AMF2) was deployed to Hyytiälä, as a part of Biogenic Aerosols–Effects on Clouds and Climate experiment (Petäjä et al., 2016). Since then, continuous observations of cloud and precipitation are carried out at the site.\n\nThe cloud profiling site is located on the lake Kuivajärvi shore. It is about 30 m below the base of the SMEAR II mast, where most aerosol measurements are performed.\n\n## References\n\n- Petäjä et al. (2016). BAECC: A Field Campaign to Elucidate the Impact of Biogenic Aerosols on Clouds and Climate. _Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc._, _97_(10), 1909–1928. .\n\n## Links\n\n- [Hyytiälä home page](https://www2.helsinki.fi/en/research-stations/hyytiala-forestry-field-station)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":61.844,"longitude":24.287,"altitude":150,"gaw":"SMR","wigosId":"0-20008-0-SMR","wigosName":"Hyytiälä","dvasId":"ko6m","dvasName":"Hyytiälä","actrisId":23,"actrisName":"SMEAR II (Hyytiälä)","labellingStatus":"initially-accepted","country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"icon-d2","humanReadableName":"ICON-D2","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"altitude":null,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"inari","humanReadableName":"Inari","stationName":"KAU","description":"Inari (KAU) is a weather radar site located near the peak of Kaunispää fell in Saariselkä, Northern Finland. The site was established in 2025 as part of the weather radar network of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).\n\nCloudnet only ingests weather radar data from vertical-pointing \"birdbath\" scans, which are done every 15 minutes to calibrate the differential reflectivity (ZDR). The conventional data from the weather radar, including composite from the radar network, are available from [FMI's open data](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/open-data).\n\n## Links\n\n- [FMI radar network](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/fmi-radar-network)","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":68.434,"longitude":27.445,"altitude":437,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-02817","wigosName":"SAARISELKA KAUNISPAA","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"invercargill","humanReadableName":"Invercargill","stationName":null,"description":"At the station in Invercargill the Leipzig Aerosol and Cloud Remote Observations System (LACROS) of Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) is being deployed from about September 2025 to March 2027. LACROS comprises a full set of remote-sensing instruments for ACTRIS ARS (Aerosol Remote Sensing) and CRS (Cloud Remote Sensing), including 35- and 94 GHz cloud radars, a scanning Doppler lidar, two ceilometers (one with polarization capabilities) and a Sun/Moon photometer. Unique for LACROS is the operation of a [PollyXT](https://polly.tropos.de) multiwavelength-polarization-Raman lidar. For the deployment to Invercargill, this lidar system was in addition extended by a detection channel for fluorescence scattering which enables to distinguish fluorescent smoke and other organic aerosols from inorganic ones like volcanic sulfates.\n\nBesides the set of instruments that provide data to the Cloudnet data portal, the station is additionally equipped with the following remote-sensing and in-situ instrumentation:\n\n- BSRN-compatible surface radiation station equipped with instruments for spectrally resolved and broadband incoming and outgoing solar and terrestrial radiation\n- 2-dimensional disdrometer (2DVD)\n- Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) for aerosol in the size range from 5 nm to 32 µm\n- Cloud Condensation Nuclei counter (CCNC)\n- Low-Volume-Sampler (LVS) for collection of 12-hourly aerosol samples for ice-nucleating particle analysis\n\nThe deployment of LACROS to Invercargill is done in the framework of the [goSouth-2 campaign](https://gosouth2.tropos.de). goSouth-2 has the goal to explore which contrasts in the properties of clouds can be discovered when clean and polluted air masses alternately arrive at Invercargill. Thereby, the clean air masses arriving to the site usually travelled several days over the Southern Ocean, while air masses originating from Australia tend to be burden with desert dust aerosol or biomass-burning smoke.\n\ngoSouth-2 is accompanying the aircraft campaign [HALO-South](https://halo-research.de/sience/halo-missions/current-missions/halo-south/) of the High-Altitude and LOng-range research aircraft (HALO) of the German Aerospace Centre, which provides in-situ data of aerosols and clouds from around New Zealand for the time frame from 6 September to 11 October 2025.\n\n## References:\n\n- Hofer et al. (2024): Aerosol-related effects on the occurrence of heterogeneous ice formation over Lauder, New Zealand ∕ Aotearoa, _Atmos. Chem. Phys._, _24_(2), 1265–1280, \n- Radenz et al. (2021): Hemispheric contrasts in ice formation in stratiform mixed-phase clouds: disentangling the role of aerosol and dynamics with ground-based remote sensing, _Atmos. Chem. Phys._, _21_(23), 17969–17994, \n\n## Links\n\n- [goSouth-2 home page](https://gosouth2.tropos.de)\n- [LACROS home page](https://www.tropos.de/en/research/projects-infrastructures-technology/coordinated-observations-and-networks/lacros)","type":["campaign"],"latitude":-46.4173,"longitude":168.3307,"altitude":5,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-93844","wigosName":"INVERCARGILL AIRPORT","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"New Zealand","countryCode":"NZ","countrySubdivisionCode":"NZ-STL","status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"iquique","humanReadableName":"Iquique","stationName":null,"description":"Measurements at Iquique Airport in northern Chile were conducted from March 2018 to March 2019. \n\n## References\n\n- Schween et al. (2022). [Life cycle of stratocumulus clouds over 1 year at the coast of the Atacama Desert](https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12241-2022). *Atmos. Chem. Phys.*, *22*, 12241–12267 ","type":["campaign"],"latitude":-20.539,"longitude":-70.177,"altitude":56,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-85418","wigosName":"IQUIQUE","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Chile","countryCode":"CL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"ispra","humanReadableName":"Ispra","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":45.817,"longitude":8.617,"altitude":209,"gaw":"IPR","wigosId":"0-20008-0-IPR","wigosName":"Ispra","dvasId":"j133","dvasName":"Ispra","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"ivalo","humanReadableName":"Ivalo","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":68.615,"longitude":27.423,"altitude":144,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"jan-mayen","humanReadableName":"Jan Mayen","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":70.933,"longitude":-8.667,"altitude":10,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-01001","wigosName":"JAN MAYEN","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Norway (Jan Mayen)","countryCode":"SJ","countrySubdivisionCode":"NO-22","status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"jarvenpaa","humanReadableName":"Järvenpää","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":60.485,"longitude":25.082,"altitude":51,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"jarvselja","humanReadableName":"Järvselja","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":58.277,"longitude":27.307,"altitude":36,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Estonia","countryCode":"EE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"joensuu","humanReadableName":"Joensuu","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":62.659,"longitude":29.612,"altitude":118,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"juelich","humanReadableName":"Jülich","stationName":"JOYCE","description":"The [Jülich Observatory for Cloud Evolution (JOYCE)](https://geomet.uni-koeln.de/forschung/actris/joyce) provides temporally highly resolved measurements to improve our understanding of the emergence, development and decay of clouds. The observational platform at the Research Centre Jülich is located in an urbanized setting surrounded by forest, within rural lowlands amidst two large open lignite mines and agricultural areas.\n\nThe facility has been performing continuous ground-based remote sensing observations since 2011. State-of-the-art active and passive remote sensing instruments are used to analyse cloud and precipitation processes as well as the atmospheric boundary layer vertical structure. Temperature and humidity profiling measurements are carried out, as well measurements for obtaining horizontal and vertical winds including turbulence. In addition, detailed micro- and macrophysical properties of clouds are derived.\n\nThe scientific objectives of JOYCE are to develop and test new methodologies for quantifying clouds and precipitation, perform model and satellite evaluation and to better understand the cloud life cycle within an environment with multiple, complex influences. The extensive long-term data set allows to characterize diurnal and seasonal patterns in a statistical way.\n\n## References\n\n- Löhnert et al. (2015). JOYCE: Jülich Observatory for Cloud Evolution. _Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc._, _96_(7), 1157–1174. \n\n## Links\n\n- [JOYCE home page](https://geomet.uni-koeln.de/forschung/actris/joyce)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":50.908,"longitude":6.413,"altitude":111,"gaw":"JUE","wigosId":"0-20008-0-JUE","wigosName":"Jülich","dvasId":"0lym","dvasName":"Julich","actrisId":48,"actrisName":"Jülich Observatory for Cloud Evolution (JOYCE)","labellingStatus":"labelled","country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"kajaani","humanReadableName":"Kajaani","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":64.283,"longitude":27.673,"altitude":42,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"kankaanpaa","humanReadableName":"Kankaanpää","stationName":"KAN","description":"Kankaanpää (KAN) is a weather radar site located on Ylisenharju hill in Kankaanpää, Western Finland. The site was established in 2021 as part of the weather radar network of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).\n\nCloudnet only ingests weather radar data from vertical-pointing \"birdbath\" scans, which are done every 15 minutes to calibrate the differential reflectivity (ZDR). The conventional data from the weather radar, including composite from the radar network, are available from [FMI's open data](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/open-data).\n\n## Links\n\n- [FMI radar network](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/fmi-radar-network)","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":61.811,"longitude":22.502,"altitude":174,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"kappelrodeck","humanReadableName":"Kappelrodeck","stationName":"KLOCX","description":"Kappelrodeck is a cloud remote sensing measurement site located on the outskirts of the village of Kappelrodeck in the Rhine Valley, at the foot of the western slopes of the Black Forest in southwestern Germany. The station is situated at an altitude of approximately 200 m above mean sea level and serves as the home base of the [KLOCX platform](https://www.imkasf.kit.edu/english/Projects_4081.php) operated by the [Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)](https://www.kit.edu/english/). Cloud remote sensing observations at Kappelrodeck began in 2025 and contribute to the monitoring and characterization of cloud and atmospheric processes in a region strongly influenced by both valley and mountain meteorology.\n\n## Links\n\n- [KLOCX home page](https://www.imkasf.kit.edu/english/Projects_4081.php)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":48.59729,"longitude":8.10794,"altitude":199,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"karlsruhe","humanReadableName":"Karlsruhe","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":49.093,"longitude":8.426,"altitude":110,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"keflavik","humanReadableName":"Keflavik","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":63.983,"longitude":-22.601,"altitude":51,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Iceland","countryCode":"IS","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"kemi","humanReadableName":"Kemi","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":65.789,"longitude":24.582,"altitude":11,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"kenttarova","humanReadableName":"Kenttärova","stationName":"Pallas","description":"Kenttärova is a remote station in Finnish Lapland, around 170 km north of the Arctic Circle. It's a part of the [Pallas Atmosphere–Ecosystem Supersite](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/pallas-atmosphere-ecosystem-supersite) hosted by Finnish Meteorological Institute. The station was established in 2002 around 5.5 km to the east and about 220 m lower than the main Pallas station located on the top of Sammaltunturi fell. Kenttärova features a 20-meter-high measurement tower for studying atmosphere–biosphere interactions above a spruce forest (Lohila et al. 2015).\n\nCloud remote sensing measurements at Kenttärova were first conducted during the Pallas Cloud Experiment (PaCE) campaigns in 2015, 2017 and 2019 with measurements continuing since the 2022 campaign (Tukiainen et al. 2025). Kenttärova is also part of the 2026 campaign alongside [Pallasjärvi](/site/pallasjarvi) and [Sammaltunturinlaatas](/site/sammaltunturinlaatas).\n\n## References\n\n- Lohila et al. (2015). [Preface to the special issue on integrated research of atmosphere, ecosystems and environment at Pallas](https://hdl.handle.net/10138/228278). _Boreal Environ. Res._, _20_(4), 431–454\n- Tukiainen et al. (2025). [Remote sensing measurements during PaCE 2022 campaign](https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3797-2025). _Earth Syst. Sci. Data_, 17, 3797–3806","type":["cloudnet","polarin"],"latitude":67.987,"longitude":24.243,"altitude":345,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-02824","wigosName":"KITTILA KENTTAROVA","dvasId":"zsf3","dvasName":"Pallas (Kenttärova)","actrisId":26,"actrisName":"Pallas Atmosphere-Ecosystem Supersite","labellingStatus":"initially-accepted","country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"kesalahti","humanReadableName":"Kesälahti","stationName":"KES","description":"Kesälahti (KES) is a weather radar site located in Kesälahti, Kitee, Eastern Finland. The site was established in 2014 as part of the weather radar network of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).\n\nCloudnet only ingests weather radar data from vertical-pointing \"birdbath\" scans, which are done every 15 minutes to calibrate the differential reflectivity (ZDR). The conventional data from the weather radar, including composite from the radar network, are available from [FMI's open data](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/open-data).\n\n## Links\n\n- [FMI radar network](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/fmi-radar-network)","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":61.907,"longitude":29.798,"altitude":174,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"kittila","humanReadableName":"Kittilä","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":67.695,"longitude":24.853,"altitude":189,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"kiviniemi","humanReadableName":"Kiviniemi","stationName":null,"description":"Doppler lidar measurements were conducted on 6 June 2024 in Kiviniemi, Eastern Finland, as part of a controlled prescribed burning of an 8-hectare boreal forest ecosystem (Filioglou et al., 2026). The burning was organized by the Finnish Forest Administration (Metsähallitus) to promote biodiversity in a 35–75-year-old dry Scots pine forest with scattered birch. The measurements were carried out with the aim of assessing the linear depolarization ratio of extremely fresh smoke particles.\n\n## References\n\n- Filioglou et al. (2026). [Depolarization ratio of smoke and volcanic ash aerosol particles at 1565 nm using a HALO Doppler lidar](https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-11525-2026), *Atmos. Chem. Phys.*, *26*, 11525–11542","type":["campaign"],"latitude":62.485096,"longitude":27.491229,"altitude":110,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"kolsass","humanReadableName":"Kolsass","stationName":"KLOCX","description":null,"type":["campaign"],"latitude":47.305341,"longitude":11.62219,"altitude":545,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-40-2-002KOL","wigosName":"Kolsass","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Austria","countryCode":"AT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"korppoo","humanReadableName":"Korppoo","stationName":"PAR","description":"Korppoo (KOR) is a weather radar site located in Rumar on Korppoo island, Parainen in Archipelago Sea, Western Finland. The site was established in 1997 as part of the weather radar network of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).\n\nCloudnet only ingests weather radar data from vertical-pointing \"birdbath\" scans, which are done every 15 minutes to calibrate the differential reflectivity (ZDR). The conventional data from the weather radar, including composite from the radar network, are available from [FMI's open data](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/open-data).\n\n## Links\n\n- [FMI radar network](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/fmi-radar-network)","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":60.128,"longitude":21.643,"altitude":61,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20010-0-02933","wigosName":"RADAR Korpo","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"kosetice","humanReadableName":"Košetice","stationName":"NAOK","description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":49.573,"longitude":15.081,"altitude":531,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Czechia","countryCode":"CZ","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"kruunupyy","humanReadableName":"Kruunupyy","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":63.721,"longitude":23.141,"altitude":21,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"kumpula","humanReadableName":"Kumpula","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":60.204,"longitude":24.963,"altitude":26,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"kuopio","humanReadableName":"Kuopio","stationName":"Kuopio Rytky","description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":63,"longitude":28,"altitude":100,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20010-0-02918","wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"kuusamo","humanReadableName":"Kuusamo","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":65.993,"longitude":29.228,"altitude":266,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"lampedusa","humanReadableName":"Lampedusa","stationName":"ENEA","description":"The Lampedusa site is the [ENEA Station for Climate Observations](https://www.lampedusa.enea.it/) on the island of Lampedusa in the central Mediterranean, roughly halfway between Sicily and Tunisia. The station stands at 45 m above sea level on the north-eastern cape of the island, far from major pollution sources, and is a Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) regional station.\n\nThe remote marine setting makes Lampedusa a reference site for the Mediterranean, where long-term\nrecords of greenhouse gases, aerosols, radiation and column properties are combined with cloud remote sensing observations. Frequent Saharan dust outbreaks and marine boundary-layer clouds make the site well suited for studying aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions over the sea. ENEA also operates an oceanographic observatory offshore, allowing coupled atmosphere–ocean studies.\n\n## Links\n\n- [ENEA home page](https://www.lampedusa.enea.it/)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":35.5183,"longitude":12.6303,"altitude":45,"gaw":"LMP","wigosId":"0-20008-0-LMP","wigosName":"Lampedusa","dvasId":"lp7k","dvasName":"Lampedusa","actrisId":86,"actrisName":"Lampedusa","labellingStatus":"initially-accepted","country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"lappeenranta","humanReadableName":"Lappeenranta","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":61.04,"longitude":28.129,"altitude":104,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"laquila","humanReadableName":"L'Aquila","stationName":"CETEMPS","description":"The L'Aquila site is operated by [CETEMPS](https://cetemps.aquila.infn.it/) of the\n[University of L'Aquila](https://www.univaq.it/en/). The cloud remote sensing instruments are located in the Casale Calore observatory in the Aterno valley of the central Apennines, at 683 m above sea level and surrounded by mountains rising above 2,000 m, including the Gran Sasso massif.\n\nThe complex orography makes the site well suited for studying orographic clouds and precipitation, mountain–valley circulations and their representation in high-resolution weather models. Cloud remote sensing observations complement the centre's activities in radar meteorology, satellite remote sensing, and numerical weather prediction.","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":42.383,"longitude":13.315,"altitude":683,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":85,"actrisName":"UNIAQ/CETEMPS","labellingStatus":"planned","country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"larkhill","humanReadableName":"Larkhill","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":51.201,"longitude":-1.805,"altitude":132,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"United Kingdom","countryCode":"GB","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"lecce","humanReadableName":"Lecce","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":40.333,"longitude":18.1,"altitude":30,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"km0f","dvasName":"Lecce (University of Salento)","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"leipzig","humanReadableName":"Leipzig","stationName":null,"description":"The Leipzig site is located at the [Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS)](https://www.tropos.de/en/) in the north-east of Leipzig, Germany. Cloud remote sensing observations are made with the [Leipzig Aerosol and Cloud Remote Observations System (LACROS)](https://www.tropos.de/en/research/projects-infrastructures-technology/coordinated-observations-and-networks/lacros), a combined aerosol and cloud remote sensing facility operated by the TROPOS Department of Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Processes.\n\nLACROS brings together active and passive remote sensing instruments for the simultaneous, co-located and vertically resolved characterisation of aerosols, clouds and dynamics, with a focus on aerosol–cloud interaction. The system is mobile: between deployments in Leipzig and Melpitz it has taken part in field experiments at aerosol and cloud hotspots such as Cyprus and southern Chile, so the Leipzig data record has gaps during those campaigns.\n\n## Links\n\n- [LACROS home page](https://www.tropos.de/en/research/projects-infrastructures-technology/coordinated-observations-and-networks/lacros)\n- [TROPOS home page](https://www.tropos.de/en/)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":51.353,"longitude":12.435,"altitude":126,"gaw":"LEI","wigosId":"0-20008-0-LEI","wigosName":"Leipzig","dvasId":"0vtd","dvasName":"Leipzig","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"leipzig-lim","humanReadableName":"Leipzig LIM","stationName":"LIM","description":"The [Leipzig Institute for Meteorology (LIM)](https://www.physes.uni-leipzig.de/en/fakultaet/institute-bereiche-und-zentren/leipzig-institute-for-meteorology-lim) is located close to the city centre of Leipzig on the edge of a garden area. When the remote sensing instruments are not being used for field experiments, they are located on the roof platform of the new institute building at a height of 126 meters above sea level. Cloud remote sensing observations began in 2020.\n\n## Links\n\n- [LIM home page](https://www.physes.uni-leipzig.de/en/fakultaet/institute-bereiche-und-zentren/leipzig-institute-for-meteorology-lim)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":51.333,"longitude":12.389,"altitude":126,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"4j0y","dvasName":"Leipzig LIM","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"lille","humanReadableName":"Lille","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":50.6117,"longitude":3.1417,"altitude":60,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"France","countryCode":"FR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"limassol","humanReadableName":"Limassol","stationName":"CARO","description":"The [Cyprus Atmospheric Remote Sensing Observatory (CARO)](https://eratosthenes.org.cy/departments-functional-areas/environment-climate/atmosphere/) in Limassol, Cyprus, hosted by the [ERATOSTHENES Centre of Excellence](https://eratosthenes.org.cy/), is designed for continuous monitoring of aerosols and clouds. Located approximately 800 m from the coastline in the heart of Limassol, CARO combines advanced infrastructure and high-quality instrumentation, providing unique atmospheric observations influenced by both urban and coastal dynamics. The site also serves as a reference station for the calibration and validation of satellite missions.\n\nCloud remote sensing measurements at Limassol were first conducted from October 2016 to March 2018 as part of the [Cyprus Clouds Aerosol and Rain Experiment (CyCARE)](https://www.tropos.de/en/institute/departments/remote-sensing-of-atmospheric-processes-new/ground-based-remote-sensing/cyprus-clouds-aerosol-and-rain-experiment-cycare) campaign by the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS). Continuous measurements at the site resumed in 2024 as part of CARO.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Limassol home page](https://www.eratosthenes.org.cy/departments-functional-areas/environment-climate/atmosphere/)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":34.677,"longitude":33.038,"altitude":10,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-196-0-01389","wigosName":"TEPAK","dvasId":"exbb","dvasName":"Limassol","actrisId":12,"actrisName":"Cyprus Atmospheric Remote Sensing Observatory CARO","labellingStatus":"initially-accepted","country":"Cyprus","countryCode":"CY","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"lindenberg","humanReadableName":"Lindenberg","stationName":"MOL-RAO","description":"The Lindenberg site is the [Lindenberg Meteorological Observatory – Richard Aßmann Observatory (MOL-RAO)](https://www.dwd.de/EN/aboutus/locations/observatories/mol/mol.html) of the German\nMeteorological Service (DWD), located in Brandenburg about 65 km south-east of Berlin. Founded in 1905, the observatory has one of the longest records of upper-air observations in the world and hosts the Lead Centre of the WMO's GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN).\n\nCloud remote sensing measurements has been done at Lindenberg continuously since 2004. The cloud profiling instruments run alongside radiosondes, boundary-layer profilers, and surface radiation measurements, providing a well characterised reference site for evaluating cloud representation in numerical weather prediction and climate models.","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":52.208,"longitude":14.118,"altitude":104,"gaw":"LIN","wigosId":"0-20008-0-LIN","wigosName":"Lindenberg","dvasId":"6zm2","dvasName":"Lindenberg","actrisId":49,"actrisName":"Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg","labellingStatus":"labelled","country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"linkoping","humanReadableName":"Linköping","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":58.392,"longitude":15.575,"altitude":70,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"ym7k","dvasName":"Linkoping","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Sweden","countryCode":"SE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"luosto","humanReadableName":"Luosto","stationName":"LUO","description":"Luosto (LUO) is a weather radar site located near the peak of Ukko-Luosto fell in Sodankylä, Northern Finland. The site was established in 2000 as part of the weather radar network of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).\n\nCloudnet only ingests weather radar data from vertical-pointing \"birdbath\" scans, which are done every 15 minutes to calibrate the differential reflectivity (ZDR). The conventional data from the weather radar, including composite from the radar network, are available from [FMI's open data](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/open-data).\n\n## Links\n\n- [FMI radar network](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/fmi-radar-network)","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":67.139,"longitude":26.897,"altitude":532,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20010-0-02840","wigosName":"RADAR Luosto","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"lutjewad","humanReadableName":"Lutjewad","stationName":null,"description":"Lutjewad is a measurement station on the northern coast of Netherlands. It's a part of Ruisdael Observatory alongside [Cabauw](/site/cabauw).\n\n## Links\n\n- [Lutjewad home page](https://ruisdael-observatory.nl/lutjewad/)","type":["other"],"latitude":53.4023,"longitude":6.3487,"altitude":1,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-528-0-LUT","wigosName":"Lutjewad","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Netherlands","countryCode":"NL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"maarianhamina","humanReadableName":"Maarianhamina","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":60.125,"longitude":19.907,"altitude":6,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"mace-head","humanReadableName":"Mace Head","stationName":"MHD","description":"The Mace Head site is the [Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station](https://www.macehead.org/) of\nthe University of Galway, on the Atlantic coast of Connemara, County Galway, Ireland. Exposed to\nclean marine air from the North Atlantic for most of the time, it is a Global Atmosphere Watch\nglobal station with long-term records of trace gases and aerosols dating back to the 1950s.\n\nThe site is one of the few places in Europe where marine boundary-layer clouds can be observed in\nnear-pristine air, making it a reference for studying aerosol–cloud interactions and the transition from clean marine to polluted continental air masses.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station](https://www.macehead.org/)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":53.326,"longitude":-9.9,"altitude":16,"gaw":"MHD","wigosId":"0-20008-0-MHD","wigosName":"Mace Head","dvasId":"5ly5","dvasName":"Mace Head","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Ireland","countryCode":"IE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"madrid","humanReadableName":"Madrid","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":40.457,"longitude":-3.726,"altitude":669,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"wxjn","dvasName":"Madrid (CIEMAT)","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Spain","countryCode":"ES","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"maido","humanReadableName":"Maïdo Observatory","stationName":"OPAR","description":"The Maïdo Observatory is located on a 2200-meter-high summit on the western part of Réunion island, inside a national park. It is under the direct influence of air masses coming from the west-northwest downhill slope, partially covered by a dense tropical forest. It's one of three sites of the OPAR observatory and provides data to Cloudnet alongside [Moufia](/site/moufia).","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":-21.079,"longitude":55.383,"altitude":2200,"gaw":"RUN","wigosId":"0-20008-0-RUN","wigosName":"La Réunion","dvasId":"ka8v","dvasName":"La Réunion - Maïdo atmospheric observatory","actrisId":39,"actrisName":"OPAR Observatoire de Physique de l'Atmosphère à La Réunion","labellingStatus":"initially-accepted","country":"Réunion","countryCode":"RE","countrySubdivisionCode":"FR-974","status":"active"},{"id":"manaus","humanReadableName":"Manaus","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":-2.89,"longitude":-59.97,"altitude":109,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Brazil","countryCode":"BR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"marambio","humanReadableName":"Marambio","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":-64.24006,"longitude":-56.62478,"altitude":198,"gaw":"MBI","wigosId":"0-20008-0-MBI","wigosName":"Marambio","dvasId":"2azg","dvasName":"Marambio","actrisId":28,"actrisName":"Marambio","labellingStatus":null,"country":"Antarctica","countryCode":"AQ","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"marjaniemi","humanReadableName":"Marjaniemi","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":65.04,"longitude":24.561,"altitude":7,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"masada","humanReadableName":"Masada","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":31.323,"longitude":35.372,"altitude":-350,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Israel","countryCode":"IL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"melpitz","humanReadableName":"Melpitz","stationName":null,"description":"The Melpitz site is the [TROPOS Research Station Melpitz](https://www.tropos.de/en/research/projects-infrastructures-technology/coordinated-observations-and-networks/tropos-research-site-melpitz) of the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, located in the lowlands of Saxony near Torgau, about 50 km north-east of Leipzig. The rural background station has been operated since 1992 and lies in the glacial valley of the Elbe, surrounded by meadows, fields and forest. Its position on the boundary between Atlantic and continental climates makes it representative of large parts of rural eastern Germany.\n\nMelpitz is best known for its long-term aerosol and trace gas records and is part of the Global\nAtmosphere Watch, EMEP and ACTRIS networks. Cloud remote sensing observations at the site allow aerosol–cloud interactions to be studied at a site with an exceptionally well characterised aerosol background.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Melpitz Research Station home page](https://www.tropos.de/en/research/projects-infrastructures-technology/coordinated-observations-and-networks/tropos-research-site-melpitz)\n- [TROPOS home page](https://www.tropos.de/en/)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":51.53,"longitude":12.93,"altitude":86,"gaw":"MEL","wigosId":"0-20008-0-MEL","wigosName":"Melpitz","dvasId":"fhhq","dvasName":"Melpitz","actrisId":50,"actrisName":"Melpitz Research Station","labellingStatus":"initially-accepted","country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"milesovka","humanReadableName":"Milešovka","stationName":null,"description":"Milešovka observatory was established in 1905 in Czechia.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Milešovka observatory home page](https://www.ufa.cas.cz/en/institute-structure/department-of-meteorology/observatories/meteorological-observatory-milesovka/)","type":["other"],"latitude":50.555,"longitude":13.931,"altitude":837,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-11464","wigosName":"MILESOVKA","dvasId":"wq4l","dvasName":"Milešovka","actrisId":16,"actrisName":"Milešovka","labellingStatus":null,"country":"Czechia","countryCode":"CZ","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"mindelo","humanReadableName":"Mindelo","stationName":"CVAO","description":"The Mindelo site is located on the roof of [Ocean Science Centre Mindelo (OSCM)](https://oscm.cv/) on the island of São Vicente, Cabo Verde, about 800 km west of the African coast. The cloud remote sensing station is operated by the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) as part of [Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory](https://www.tropos.de/en/research/projects-infrastructures-technology/coordinated-observations-and-networks/cvao-cape-verde-atmospheric-observatory) and complement the in situ measurements on the island's east coast.\n\nRemote sensing at OSCM began in 2021 with a multiwavelength lidar and was extended in 2023 with a\ncloud radar, microwave radiometer and Doppler lidar. The location under the Saharan air layer, above the trade-wind marine boundary layer, makes it a key site for studying dust–cloud interactions over the ocean.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Ocean Science Centre Mindelo](https://oscm.cv/)\n- [Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory, TROPOS](https://www.tropos.de/en/research/projects-infrastructures-technology/coordinated-observations-and-networks/cvao-cape-verde-atmospheric-observatory)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":16.8778,"longitude":-24.995,"altitude":13,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"nprv","dvasName":"Mindelo","actrisId":55,"actrisName":"Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory","labellingStatus":"initially-accepted","country":"Cabo Verde","countryCode":"CV","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"minsk","humanReadableName":"Minsk","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":53.917,"longitude":27.605,"altitude":200,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"edpj","dvasName":"Minsk","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Belarus","countryCode":"BY","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"mod-lyneham","humanReadableName":"MOD Lyneham","stationName":null,"description":"Measurements at MOD Lyneham, Southern England were conducted as part of WesCON-WOEST campaign from June to August 2023.","type":["campaign"],"latitude":51.509,"longitude":-1.999,"altitude":146,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-826-0-156","wigosName":"LYNEHAM","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"United Kingdom","countryCode":"GB","countrySubdivisionCode":"GB-ENG","status":"inactive"},{"id":"moufia","humanReadableName":"Moufia","stationName":"OPAR","description":"The Moufia station is located in Saint Dennis, Réunion, close to the coast on the northern part of the island. It's hosted on the campus of University of Réunion. The station is under the direct influence of air masses coming from the easterlies. It's one of three sites of the OPAR observatory and provides data to Cloudnet alongside [Maïdo Observatory](/site/maido).","type":["other"],"latitude":-20.902,"longitude":55.485,"altitude":84,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"cxhy","dvasName":"La Réunion - Saint Denis site","actrisId":39,"actrisName":"OPAR Observatoire de Physique de l'Atmosphère à La Réunion","labellingStatus":"initially-accepted","country":"Réunion","countryCode":"RE","countrySubdivisionCode":"FR-974","status":"active"},{"id":"mt-helmos","humanReadableName":"Mt Helmos","stationName":null,"description":"Measurements at Mt Helmos, Greece were conducted, as part of the Cleancloud Helmos OrograPhic sIte experimeNt (CHOPIN) campaign from October 2024 to January 2025.","type":["campaign"],"latitude":38.007,"longitude":22.196,"altitude":1690,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Greece","countryCode":"GR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"munich","humanReadableName":"Munich","stationName":null,"description":"The Munich site is operated by the [Meteorological Institute](https://www.meteo.physik.uni-muenchen.de/) of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU). The instruments are installed on the roof of the institute building in the city centre, providing continuous cloud remote sensing observations in an urban environment in the northern foreland of the Alps.\n\nThe site has contributed to Cloudnet since the early 2010s. Observations of clouds, precipitation and the boundary layer support research on cloud processes, foehn and convection in the Alpine foreland, and the evaluation of numerical weather prediction models.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Meteorological Institute, LMU Munich](https://www.meteo.physik.uni-muenchen.de/)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":48.148,"longitude":11.573,"altitude":538,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"7i62","dvasName":"Munich","actrisId":51,"actrisName":"München","labellingStatus":"initially-accepted","country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"napoli","humanReadableName":"Naples","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":40.838,"longitude":14.183,"altitude":118,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"8zg1","dvasName":"Naples","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"neuchatel","humanReadableName":"Neuchâtel","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":47.002,"longitude":6.955,"altitude":487,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Switzerland","countryCode":"CH","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"neumayer","humanReadableName":"Neumayer Station","stationName":null,"description":"The Meteorological Observatory Neumayer has been part of all German research stations on Ekström Ice Shelf, Atka Bay, Antarctica since 1981. The first station \"Georg von Neumayer\" had to be replaced by \"Neumayer Station\" in 1992, which again was replaced in 2009 by \"Neumayer Station III\". Continuous long-term atmospheric observations cover various parameters and degrees of complexity: from basis synoptical observations over BSRN surface radiation measurements, radiosoundings including in-situ ozone profiling, to remote sensing instrumentation.\n\nRemote sensing of cloud parameters started in 1992 with a ceilometer Impulsphysik LD-WH X 05. The ceilometer has been replaced by Vaisala CL31 and CL51 later. In 2019 a METEK Micro Rain Radar was installed. In 2023 TROPOS Leipzig had a full-featured Cloudnet container running at Neumayer Station for one year. In 2024 the remote sensing capabilities of the Meteorological Observatory Neumayer were markedly extended by an RPG-FMCW-94 cloud radar, MiniMPL lidar and HALO StreamLine XR+ Doppler lidar. Finally, in 2026 a RPG HATPRO microwave radiometer was installed by AWI to replace the TROPOS instrument that had been running there until then.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Neumayer home page](https://www.awi.de/en/science/long-term-observations/atmosphere/antarctic-neumayer/meteorology.html)","type":["cloudnet","polarin"],"latitude":-70.66,"longitude":-8.284,"altitude":43,"gaw":"NMY","wigosId":"0-20008-0-NMY","wigosName":"Neumayer","dvasId":"kb77","dvasName":"Neumayer","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Antarctica","countryCode":"AQ","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"nicolosi","humanReadableName":"Nicolosi","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":37.69,"longitude":14.97,"altitude":1740,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"bgk5","dvasName":"Nicolosi","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"nicosia","humanReadableName":"Nicosia","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":35.141,"longitude":33.381,"altitude":180,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"k15y","dvasName":"Nicosia","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Cyprus","countryCode":"CY","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"norunda","humanReadableName":"Norunda","stationName":null,"description":"The Norunda site is located at the [Norunda research station](https://www.icos-sweden.se/norunda)\nabout 30 km north of Uppsala, Sweden, in the southern part of the boreal forest zone. The station is best known for its tall tower and long-term measurements of greenhouse gas fluxes and concentrations as an ICOS Class 1 Atmosphere and Class 2 Ecosystem station. It also hosts the ACTRIS Sweden station Norunda, operated by Stockholm University, which includes the cloud remote sensing observations.\n\nThe flat, forested surroundings and the absence of nearby pollution sources make Norunda a clean\ncontinental background site. Cloud remote sensing at the site complements the ecosystem and\ngreenhouse gas records, supporting studies of boundary-layer clouds, precipitation and their\ninteraction with the boreal forest.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Norunda research station](https://www.icos-sweden.se/norunda)\n- [ICOS Sweden](https://www.icos-sweden.se/)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":60.086,"longitude":17.479,"altitude":46,"gaw":"NOR","wigosId":"0-20008-0-NOR","wigosName":"Norunda","dvasId":"d83u","dvasName":"Norunda Tornet","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Sweden","countryCode":"SE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"nurmes","humanReadableName":"Nurmes","stationName":"NUR","description":"Nurmes (NUR) is a weather radar site located on Riihivaara hill in Mujejärvi, Nurmes, Eastern Finland. The site was established in 2019 as part of the weather radar network of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).\n\nCloudnet only ingests weather radar data from vertical-pointing \"birdbath\" scans, which are done every 15 minutes to calibrate the differential reflectivity (ZDR). The conventional data from the weather radar, including composite from the radar network, are available from [FMI's open data](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/open-data).\n\n## Links\n\n- [FMI radar network](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/fmi-radar-network)","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":63.838,"longitude":28.449,"altitude":294,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"ny-alesund","humanReadableName":"Ny-Ålesund","stationName":"AWIPEV","description":"The Ny-Ålesund site is located at the AWIPEV Arctic Research Base, the joint French–German station of the Alfred Wegener Institute and the French Polar Institute (IPEV) in Ny-Ålesund on the shore of Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. At 79°N, Ny-Ålesund is the world's northernmost year-round research station and hosts long-term atmospheric, marine and terrestrial observation series from several nations.\n\nContinuous cloud remote sensing at AWIPEV began in 2016 and provides one of the few year-round\nrecords of Arctic clouds from a ground-based site. The observations are used to study mixed-phase\nclouds, the surface radiation budget and the role of clouds in Arctic amplification, in an environment of polar night and midnight sun, fjord and mountain topography, and rapidly changing sea ice conditions.\n\n## Links\n\n- [AWIPEV Arctic Research Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWIPEV_Arctic_Research_Station)\n- [Ny-Ålesund Research Station](https://nyalesundresearch.no/)","type":["cloudnet","polarin"],"latitude":78.923,"longitude":11.922,"altitude":19,"gaw":"NYA","wigosId":"0-20008-0-NYA","wigosName":"Ny Ålesund","dvasId":"ot6u","dvasName":"Ny-Ålesund","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Norway (Svalbard)","countryCode":"SJ","countrySubdivisionCode":"NO-21","status":"active"},{"id":"oden","humanReadableName":"Oden","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"altitude":null,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":null,"countryCode":null,"countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"oulu","humanReadableName":"Oulu","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":64.935,"longitude":25.339,"altitude":13,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"pahia","humanReadableName":"Pahia","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":-46.32,"longitude":167.735,"altitude":18,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"New Zealand","countryCode":"NZ","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"palaiseau","humanReadableName":"Palaiseau","stationName":"SIRTA","description":"The [SIRTA Atmospheric Research Observatory](https://sirta.ipsl.fr/) is located on the Paris-Saclay campus in Palaiseau, about 20 km south-west of Paris. It is one of the few sites in Europe with the instrumentation and facilities to study atmospheric processes from the surface, through the boundary layer, to the upper troposphere. Long-term observations of gases, aerosols, clouds, precipitation, radiation and atmospheric dynamics support studies of regional climate variability and the evaluation of weather, climate and chemistry-transport models.\n\nSIRTA is one of the three stations in the [original Cloudnet project](https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/EVK2-CT-2000-00065) with first measurements from 2003. SIRTA hosts the [ACTRIS Centre for Cloud Remote Sensing (CCRES)](https://ccres.aeris-data.fr/en/about_ccres/welcome/), an ACTRIS Topical Centre which works to improve the quality of cloud remote sensing measurements, methods and data across the network. The observatory also maintains a surface radiation budget station contributing to the [Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN)](https://bsrn.awi.de/), and regularly hosts measurement campaigns.\n\n## Links\n\n- [SIRTA home page](https://sirta.ipsl.fr/)\n- [ACTRIS Centre for Cloud Remote Sensing (CCRES)](https://ccres.aeris-data.fr/)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":48.717,"longitude":2.209,"altitude":156,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-250-1001-07151","wigosName":"SIRTA","dvasId":"k0wb","dvasName":"SIRTA - Palaiseau","actrisId":37,"actrisName":"Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique (SIRTA)","labellingStatus":"labelled","country":"France","countryCode":"FR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"pallasjarvi","humanReadableName":"Pallasjärvi","stationName":null,"description":"Pallasjärvi is a campaign site near the Pallasjärvi lake, Northern Finland. It is one of the three Cloudnet stations operating during the 2026 Pallas Cloud Experiment (PaCE) campaign, alongside [Sammaltunturinlaatas](/site/sammaltunturinlaatas) and [Kenttärova](/site/kenttarova).","type":["campaign"],"latitude":68.022744,"longitude":24.159142,"altitude":275,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"payerne","humanReadableName":"Payerne","stationName":null,"description":"The Payerne site is the aerological station of [MeteoSwiss](https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/),\nlocated on the Swiss Plateau between the Jura mountains and the Alps. Commissioned in 1941, the\nstation launches radiosondes twice daily and is a reference station of the [GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN)](https://gcos.wmo.int/site/global-climate-observing-system-gcos/networks/aopc-situ/gcos-reference-upper-air-network-gruan) as well as a [Global Atmosphere Watch](https://community.wmo.int/site/knowledge-hub/programmes-and-initiatives/global-atmosphere-watch-gaw-programme) regional station.\n\nCloud remote sensing at Payerne is complemented by a wind profiler, Raman lidar and the radiosonde record, giving a complete picture of the atmospheric column. The observations are used to validate remote sensing methods, evaluate the Swiss weather prediction models, and study clouds and the persistent winter stratus of the Swiss Plateau.\n\n## Links\n\n- [MeteoSwiss home page](https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":46.813,"longitude":6.944,"altitude":491,"gaw":"PAY","wigosId":"0-20008-0-PAY","wigosName":"Payerne","dvasId":"7tbf","dvasName":"Payerne","actrisId":122,"actrisName":"Payerne","labellingStatus":"initially-accepted","country":"Switzerland","countryCode":"CH","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"petajavesi","humanReadableName":"Petäjävesi","stationName":"PET","description":"Petäjävesi (PET) is a weather radar site located in Kintaus, Petäjävesi, Central Finland. The site was established in 2015 as part of the weather radar network of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).\n\nCloudnet only ingests weather radar data from vertical-pointing \"birdbath\" scans, which are done every 15 minutes to calibrate the differential reflectivity (ZDR). The conventional data from the weather radar, including composite from the radar network, are available from [FMI's open data](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/open-data).\n\n## Links\n\n- [FMI radar network](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/fmi-radar-network)","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":62.305,"longitude":25.44,"altitude":271,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"pori","humanReadableName":"Pori","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":61.46,"longitude":21.808,"altitude":11,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"potenza","humanReadableName":"Potenza","stationName":"CIAO","description":"The Potenza site is the [CNR-IMIOT Atmospheric Observatory (CIAO)](https://ciao.imiot.cnr.it/) of\nthe Italian National Research Council, located in Tito Scalo, 6 km from Potenza in the southern\nApennines at 760 m above sea level. The site lies in a plain surrounded by low mountains, less than 150 km from the western, southern and eastern coasts, so that orographic effects on cloud formation can be studied in a setting representative of the Mediterranean region.\n\nCIAO is a ground-based remote sensing observatory providing long-term observations of aerosol and\ncloud properties with a combination of lidars, cloud radar, microwave radiometer and radiosondes. It is a Global Atmosphere Watch regional station and a founding site of the EARLINET lidar network. The site is affected by a large number of Saharan dust intrusions each year, making it well suited for studying dust–cloud interactions.\n\n## Links\n\n- [CIAO home page](https://ciao.imiot.cnr.it/)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":40.601,"longitude":15.724,"altitude":760,"gaw":"POT","wigosId":"0-20008-0-POT","wigosName":"CNR-IMAA Atmospheric Observatory (CIAO)","dvasId":"epdw","dvasName":"Potenza","actrisId":78,"actrisName":"CIAO","labellingStatus":"initially-accepted","country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"punta-arenas","humanReadableName":"Punta Arenas","stationName":null,"description":"The LACROS observational facility was deployed in Punta Arenas, Chile at the southern tip of South America for a long-term campaign in the framework of the field experiment [Dynamics, Aerosol, Clouds and Precipitation Observations in the Pristine Environment of the Southern Ocean](https://dacapo.tropos.de/) (DACAPO-PESO), a research initiative of Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany in joint collaboration with the University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile, and the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.\n\nThe campaign location was in the premises of the University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.","type":["campaign"],"latitude":-53.135,"longitude":-70.883,"altitude":9,"gaw":"PAR","wigosId":"0-20008-0-PAR","wigosName":"Punta Arenas","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Chile","countryCode":"CL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"reykjavik","humanReadableName":"Reykjavik","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":64.128,"longitude":-21.903,"altitude":52,"gaw":"RKV","wigosId":"0-20008-0-RKV","wigosName":"Reykjavik","dvasId":"a4dc","dvasName":"Reykjavik","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Iceland","countryCode":"IS","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"rio","humanReadableName":"Rio de Janeiro","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":-5.842,"longitude":-35.199,"altitude":46,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Brazil","countryCode":"BR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"rome","humanReadableName":"Rome","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":41.833,"longitude":12.65,"altitude":110,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"xju7","dvasName":"Rome (Tor Vergata)","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"rovaniemi","humanReadableName":"Rovaniemi","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":66.563,"longitude":25.822,"altitude":193,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"rv-meteor","humanReadableName":"RV Meteor","stationName":null,"description":"Cloud remote sensing measurements in the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) were conducted aboard RV *Meteor* from August to September 2024. These measurements are a part of BOWTIE, a sub-campaign of the larger ORCESTRA campaign lead by Max Planck Institute for Meteorology.\n\n## References\n\n- Segura et al. (2026) [BOWTIE: ship-based measurements of atmosphere and ocean within the moist tropical Atlantic](https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-343). *Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss.* [preprint]\n\n## Links\n\n- [BOWTIE home page](https://orcestra-campaign.org/bowtie.html)","type":["campaign","mobile"],"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"altitude":16,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":null,"countryCode":null,"countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"rv-ms-merian","humanReadableName":"RV Maria S. Merian","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["campaign","mobile"],"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"altitude":null,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":null,"countryCode":null,"countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"rv-polarstern","humanReadableName":"RV Polarstern","stationName":null,"description":"Cloud remote sensing measurements were conducted in the high Arctic aboard RV *Polarstern* from September 2019 to October 2020. These measurements are a part of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition.\n\n## References\n\n- Griesche et al. (2024). [Cloud micro- and macrophysical properties from ground-based remote sensing during the MOSAiC drift experiment](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03325-w). *Sci Data*, *11*(1)\n\n## Links\n\n- [MOSAiC home page](https://mosaic-expedition.org/)","type":["campaign","mobile"],"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"altitude":null,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":null,"countryCode":null,"countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"rytky","humanReadableName":"Rytky","stationName":"KUO","description":"Rytky (KUO) is a weather radar site located in Rytky, Kuopio, Eastern Finland. The site was established in 1995 as part of the weather radar network of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).\n\nCloudnet only ingests weather radar data from vertical-pointing \"birdbath\" scans, which are done every 15 minutes to calibrate the differential reflectivity (ZDR). The conventional data from the weather radar, including composite from the radar network, are available from [FMI's open data](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/open-data).\n\n## Links\n\n- [FMI radar network](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/fmi-radar-network)","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":62.863,"longitude":27.381,"altitude":268,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20010-0-02918","wigosName":"RADAR Kuopio","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"rzecin","humanReadableName":"Rzecin","stationName":"PolWet","description":"The Rzecin site is the PolWET peatland station of the [Poznań University of Life Sciences](https://www.up.poznan.pl/en/), located over a large fen in the Notecka Forest in western Poland, about 60 km north-west of Poznań. The peatland is a Natura 2000 protected area and a long-standing ecosystem flux site, with cloud remote sensing added as part of the university's ACTRIS activities.\n\nThe flat, rural setting with an unobstructed sky makes Rzecin a clean continental site for observing boundary-layer clouds and precipitation over a wetland, and for studying long-range transported dust and its interaction with clouds in synergy with the lidar site in [Warsaw](/site/warsaw).\n\n## Links\n\n- [Poznań University of Life Sciences](https://www.up.poznan.pl/en/)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":52.758,"longitude":16.31,"altitude":57,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"7k33","dvasName":"Rzecin","actrisId":95,"actrisName":"Rzecin","labellingStatus":"planned","country":"Poland","countryCode":"PL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"saint-petersburg","humanReadableName":"Saint Petersburg","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":59.943,"longitude":30.273,"altitude":35,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"gzxp","dvasName":"Saint Petersburg","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Russia","countryCode":"RU","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"sammaltunturi","humanReadableName":"Sammaltunturi","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":67.973,"longitude":24.116,"altitude":560,"gaw":"PAL","wigosId":"0-20008-0-PAL","wigosName":"Pallas","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"sammaltunturinlaatas","humanReadableName":"Sammaltunturinlaatas","stationName":null,"description":"Sammaltunturinlaatas is a campaign site in the foothills of Sammaltunturi fell, Northern Finland. It is one of the three Cloudnet stations operating during the 2026 Pallas Cloud Experiment (PaCE) campaign, alongside [Pallasjärvi](/site/pallasjarvi) and [Kenttärova](/site/kenttarova).","type":["campaign"],"latitude":67.973063,"longitude":24.099149,"altitude":460,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"san-giuliano","humanReadableName":"San Giuliano","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":42.27,"longitude":9.52,"altitude":39,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"san-pietro-capofiume","humanReadableName":"San Pietro Capofiume","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":44.6538,"longitude":11.6228,"altitude":10,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"0hfk","dvasName":"San Pietro Capofiume","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"sao-paulo","humanReadableName":"São Paulo","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":-23.5607,"longitude":-46.7398,"altitude":764,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Brazil","countryCode":"BR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"save","humanReadableName":"Savè","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":8.001,"longitude":2.428,"altitude":166,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Benin","countryCode":"BJ","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"savilahti","humanReadableName":"Savilahti","stationName":null,"description":"Savilahti is a semi-urban site in Kuopio, Eastern Finland (Hirsikko et al., 2014). The site is located in University of Eastern Finland campus area, around 2 km southwest of the Puijo SMEAR IV station, and operated by the Finnish Meteorological Institute. The site typically hosts only a ceilometer, but during the Puijo 2020 campaign from September to November 2020, it also hosted the [HYDRA-W cloud radar](/instrument/19156417-0f8a-4686-ac5d-9d51f62229d7) from Hyytiälä (Calderón et al., 2022).\n\n## References\n\n- Hirsikko et al. (2014). [Observing wind, aerosol particles, cloud and precipitation: Finland's new ground-based remote-sensing network](https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1351-2014). _Atmos. Meas. Tech._, _7_(5), 1351–1375.\n- Calderón et al. (2022). [Aerosol–stratocumulus interactions: towards a better process understanding using closures between observations and large eddy simulations](https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12417-2022). *Atmos. Chem. Phys.*, *22*, 12417–12441\n\n## Links\n\n- [Savilahti home page](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/kuopio-measurement-stations)","type":["campaign"],"latitude":62.89,"longitude":27.631,"altitude":100,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-02955","wigosName":"KUOPIO SAVILAHTI","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"savonlinna","humanReadableName":"Savonlinna","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":61.946,"longitude":28.931,"altitude":93,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"schneefernerhaus","humanReadableName":"Schneefernerhaus","stationName":"UFS","description":"The Schneefernerhaus site is the [Environmental Research Station Schneefernerhaus (UFS)](https://schneefernerhaus.de/) on the Zugspitze, Germany's highest mountain, at 2,650 m above sea level in the Bavarian Alps. The former hotel, situated on the southern slope just below the summit, was converted into a research station in 1999 and is operated by a consortium of German research institutions and federal and Bavarian agencies, including the [German Meteorological Service (DWD)](https://www.dwd.de/EN/Home/home_node.html).\n\nThe high-altitude location places the station in the free troposphere for much of the time, above\nthe boundary layer of the surrounding valleys, and frequently inside clouds. Cloud remote sensing\nobservations from the site provide a rare view of Alpine clouds and precipitation from within the\ncloud layer, complementing the station's long-term Global Atmosphere Watch records of trace gases, aerosols and radiation.\n\n## Links\n\n- [UFS home page](https://schneefernerhaus.de/)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":47.417,"longitude":10.977,"altitude":2653,"gaw":"ZSF","wigosId":"0-20008-0-ZSF","wigosName":"Zugspitze-Schneefernerhaus","dvasId":"ix3y","dvasName":"Zugspitze-Schneefernerhaus","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Germany","countryCode":"DE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"siilinjarvi","humanReadableName":"Siilinjärvi","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":63.008,"longitude":27.799,"altitude":96,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"snaefellsnes","humanReadableName":"Snæfellsnes","stationName":null,"description":"Snæfellsnes is a temporary campaign site on the Snæfellsnes peninsula in western Iceland, operated by [Menapia](https://www.menapia.tech/). They are hosting the National Centre for Atmospheric Science and the University of Leeds as part of [GAMB²LE](https://www.gamb2le.co.uk/) research project. The deployment is an operational trial of the AURORA, a modular, autonomous and Arctic-hardened observatory developed to measure cloud, precipitation and boundary-layer processes in remote polar environments.","type":["campaign"],"latitude":64.8297095,"longitude":-23.2481372,"altitude":14,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Iceland","countryCode":"IS","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"sodankyla","humanReadableName":"Sodankylä","stationName":null,"description":"Sodankylä is an Arctic measurement site in Northern Finland (Hirsikko et al., 2014). It is located 7 km from the municipality centre of Sodankylä. The station is part of [Sodankylä Supersite](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/sodankyla-supersite) hosted by the Finnish Meteorological Institute. Cloud remote sensing measurements were conducted at the site between 2012 and 2014.\n\n## References\n\n- Hirsikko et al. (2014). Observing wind, aerosol particles, cloud and precipitation: Finland's new ground-based remote-sensing network. _Atmos. Meas. Tech._, _7_(5), 1351–1375. ","type":["campaign"],"latitude":67.364,"longitude":26.628,"altitude":180,"gaw":"SDK","wigosId":"0-20008-0-SDK","wigosName":"Sodankylä","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"sofia","humanReadableName":"Sofia","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":42.65,"longitude":23.38,"altitude":550,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"b1fd","dvasName":"Sofia","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Bulgaria","countryCode":"BG","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"sonnblick","humanReadableName":"Sonnblick","stationName":"SBO","description":"The Sonnblick Observatory (SBO) is a research station on Mt. Hoher Sonnblick in high-alpine climate. The station is maintained by GeoSphere Austria and provides ceilometer measurements to Cloudnet.","type":["other"],"latitude":47.054,"longitude":12.9577,"altitude":3106,"gaw":"SNB","wigosId":"0-20008-0-SNB","wigosName":"SONNBLICK Observatory","dvasId":"xbi0","dvasName":"Sonnblick","actrisId":1,"actrisName":"Sonnblick Observatory (SBO)","labellingStatus":null,"country":"Austria","countryCode":"AT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"soverato","humanReadableName":"Soverato","stationName":null,"description":"Cloud remote sensing measurements were conducted at the coastal site of Soverato, Southern Italy, during the Mediterranean Experiment for Sea Salt And Dust Ice Nuclei (MESSA-DIN) campaign from July to September 2021.\n\n## References\n\n- Madonna et al. (2026). [Water vapor transport observed at a coastal Mediterranean site during the summer of 2021 and compared with ERA5](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-36040-0). *Sci Rep*, 16, 9105.","type":["campaign"],"latitude":38.69,"longitude":16.545,"altitude":21,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Italy","countryCode":"IT","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"summit","humanReadableName":"Summit","stationName":null,"description":"ARM instruments operated in Summit Station, Greenland from 2010 to 2018 as part of the Integrated Characterization of Energy, Clouds, Atmospheric state, and Precipitation at Summit (ICECAPS) project.\n\n## Links\n\n- [ICECAPS home page](https://psl.noaa.gov/arctic/observatories/summit/)","type":["arm"],"latitude":72.6,"longitude":-38.42,"altitude":3255,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Greenland","countryCode":"GL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"tampere","humanReadableName":"Tampere","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":61.419,"longitude":23.623,"altitude":112,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"tawhaki","humanReadableName":"Tāwhaki","stationName":null,"description":"Cloud remote sensing measurements were conducted at Tāwhaki National Aerospace Centre on New Zealand's South Island, from September 2025 to January 2026. There measurements are part of the [goSouth-2](https://gosouth2.tropos.de/) project and complement the longer measurement campaign in [Invercargill](/site/invercargill) by Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS).","type":["campaign"],"latitude":-43.8279,"longitude":172.5378,"altitude":5,"gaw":"NZL","wigosId":"0-20008-0-NZL","wigosName":"Kaitorete Spit","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"New Zealand","countryCode":"NZ","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"tel-aviv","humanReadableName":"Tel Aviv","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":32.113,"longitude":34.806,"altitude":5,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Israel","countryCode":"IL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"tervola","humanReadableName":"Tervola","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":66.153,"longitude":24.99,"altitude":38,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"thessaloniki","humanReadableName":"Thessaloniki","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden","model"],"latitude":40.63,"longitude":22.95,"altitude":50,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"g73e","dvasName":"Thessaloniki","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Greece","countryCode":"GR","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"tikkakoski","humanReadableName":"Tikkakoski","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":62.402,"longitude":25.675,"altitude":138,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"tiksi","humanReadableName":"Tiksi","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":71.596,"longitude":128.889,"altitude":19,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Russia","countryCode":"RU","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"troll","humanReadableName":"Troll Station","stationName":"TONe-ICO","description":"The Troll Integrated Cloud Observatory, part of the [Troll Observing Network (TONe-ICO)](https://www.esr.org/data-products/tone-ico/), is located in Jutulsessen, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, about 235 km from the coast on the slope between the coast and the interior plateau. The station is manned year round and serves as the base for Norwegian field work in summer and as a full-year platform for long-term monitoring of meteorology, radiation, atmospheric composition and seismology.\n\nIntensive cloud monitoring at Troll started in the southern summer of 2024–25, extending the\nstation's long-standing atmospheric records to the vertical structure of clouds and precipitation in one of the least observed regions of the Antarctic interior.\n\n## Links\n\n- [TONe-ICO home page](https://www.esr.org/data-products/tone-ico/)\n- [Troll research station, Norwegian Polar Institute](https://www.npolar.no/en/troll/)","type":["cloudnet","polarin"],"latitude":-72.01,"longitude":2.545,"altitude":1320,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-578-0-99990","wigosName":"TROLL","dvasId":"lpso","dvasName":"Troll","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Antarctica","countryCode":"AQ","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"turku","humanReadableName":"Turku","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":60.516,"longitude":22.279,"altitude":45,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"utajarvi","humanReadableName":"Utajärvi","stationName":"UTA","description":"Utajärvi (UTA) is a weather radar site located in Korkiakangas, Utajärvi, Northern Finland. The site was established in 1997 as part of the weather radar network of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).\n\nCloudnet only ingests weather radar data from vertical-pointing \"birdbath\" scans, which are done every 15 minutes to calibrate the differential reflectivity (ZDR). The conventional data from the weather radar, including composite from the radar network, are available from [FMI's open data](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/open-data).\n\n## Links\n\n- [FMI radar network](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/fmi-radar-network)","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":64.775,"longitude":26.319,"altitude":118,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20010-0-02870","wigosName":"RADAR Utajärvi","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"uto","humanReadableName":"Utö","stationName":null,"description":"Utö Atmospheric and Marine Research Station is located on the remote island of Utö, about 80 km southwest from the mainland Finland. The station is hosted by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), and while its primary focus is in situ measurements, the station also provides Doppler lidar measurements to Cloudnet.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Utö home page](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/uto)","type":["other"],"latitude":59.77909359,"longitude":21.37478754,"altitude":6,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20000-0-02981","wigosName":"PARAINEN UTO","dvasId":"4iaj","dvasName":"Utö","actrisId":27,"actrisName":"Utö Baltic Sea","labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"utti","humanReadableName":"Utti","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":60.895,"longitude":26.936,"altitude":188,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"vaasa","humanReadableName":"Vaasa","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":63.059,"longitude":21.755,"altitude":41,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"valentia","humanReadableName":"Valentia","stationName":null,"description":"Valentia Observatory is a measurement station in Ireland. It's hosted by Met Éireann and has provided microwave radiometer measurements to Cloudnet.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Valentia Observatory](https://www.met.ie/science/valentia), Met Éireann","type":["other","ri-urbans"],"latitude":51.9383,"longitude":-10.2411,"altitude":25,"gaw":"VTO","wigosId":"0-20008-0-VTO","wigosName":"Valentia","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Ireland","countryCode":"IE","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"vantaa","humanReadableName":"Vantaa","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":60.316,"longitude":24.907,"altitude":25,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"vehmasmaki","humanReadableName":"Vehmasmäki","stationName":null,"description":"Vehmasmäki is a rural forest site in Eastern Finland (Hirsikko et al., 2014). It is located 18 km from the town centre of Kuopio and operated by the Finnish Meteorological Institute. The site provides ceilometer and cloud radar measurements to Cloudnet while the instruments are not on a campaign.\n\n## References\n\n- Hirsikko et al. (2014). Observing wind, aerosol particles, cloud and precipitation: Finland's new ground-based remote-sensing network. _Atmos. Meas. Tech._, _7_(5), 1351–1375. \n\n## Links\n\n- [Vehmasmäki home page](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/kuopio-measurement-stations)","type":["other"],"latitude":62.738,"longitude":27.543,"altitude":190,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"zg1k","dvasName":"Kuopio","actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"viherkumpu","humanReadableName":"Viherkumpu","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":60.281,"longitude":24.881,"altitude":25,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"vihti","humanReadableName":"Vihti","stationName":"VIH","description":"Vihti (VIH) is a weather radar site located near Ylimmäinen lake in Vihti, Southern Finland. The site was established in 2021 as part of the weather radar network of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).\n\nCloudnet only ingests weather radar data from vertical-pointing \"birdbath\" scans, which are done every 15 minutes to calibrate the differential reflectivity (ZDR). The conventional data from the weather radar, including composite from the radar network, are available from [FMI's open data](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/open-data).\n\n## Links\n\n- [FMI radar network](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/fmi-radar-network)","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":60.556,"longitude":24.496,"altitude":148,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"villum","humanReadableName":"Villum","stationName":null,"description":"Measurements were conducted at Villum Research Station, North Greenland, during two measurement campaigns in the spring (March – April) and summer (July – August) of 2024. These campaigns are part of Clouds and climate transitioning to post-fossil aerosol regime (CleanCloud) project.\n\n## Links\n\n- [Arctic spring & summer campaign](https://projects.au.dk/cleancloud/cleancloud-project/objectives/activities/campaigns/arctic-spring-campaign), CleanCloud","type":["campaign","polarin"],"latitude":81.6,"longitude":-16.7,"altitude":24,"gaw":"SNO","wigosId":"0-20008-0-SNO","wigosName":"Station Nord","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":19,"actrisName":"Villum Research Station","labellingStatus":null,"country":"Denmark (Greenland)","countryCode":"GL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"vimpeli","humanReadableName":"Vimpeli","stationName":"VIM","description":"Vimpeli (VIM) is a weather radar site located on Lakeaharju hill in Vimpeli, Western Finland. The site was established in 2005 as part of the weather radar network of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).\n\nCloudnet only ingests weather radar data from vertical-pointing \"birdbath\" scans, which are done every 15 minutes to calibrate the differential reflectivity (ZDR). The conventional data from the weather radar, including composite from the radar network, are available from [FMI's open data](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/open-data).\n\n## Links\n\n- [FMI radar network](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/fmi-radar-network)","type":["weather-radar","fmi-radar"],"latitude":63.105,"longitude":23.821,"altitude":198,"gaw":null,"wigosId":"0-20010-0-02925","wigosName":"RADAR Vimpeli","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"cloudnet"},{"id":"vuosaari","humanReadableName":"Vuosaari","stationName":null,"description":null,"type":["hidden"],"latitude":60.219,"longitude":25.173,"altitude":14,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"Finland","countryCode":"FI","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"inactive"},{"id":"warsaw","humanReadableName":"Warsaw","stationName":"RS-Lab","description":"The Warsaw site is the [Remote Sensing Laboratory (RS-Lab)](https://www.igf.fuw.edu.pl/en/laboratories/laboratorium-pomiarow-zdalnych/) of the Institute of Geophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw. Created in 2013, the laboratory operates active and passive remote sensing instruments at the Faculty of Physics building in the Ochota district, giving an urban measurement site in the centre of Poland's largest city.\n\nRS-Lab is best known for its multiwavelength Raman lidars and contributes to [EARLINET](https://data.earlinet.org/), [AERONET](https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/) and [PollyNET](https://www.tropos.de/en/research/projects-infrastructures-technology/coordinated-observations-and-networks/pollynet). Cloud remote sensing observations extend this aerosol focus to clouds, supporting studies of urban aerosol–cloud interaction and of long-range transported dust and smoke over central Europe, often in synergy with the [Rzecin](/site/rzecin) peatland site.\n\n## Links\n\n- [RS-Lab home page](https://www.igf.fuw.edu.pl/en/laboratories/laboratorium-pomiarow-zdalnych/)","type":["cloudnet"],"latitude":52.21,"longitude":20.98,"altitude":112,"gaw":null,"wigosId":null,"wigosName":null,"dvasId":"n57v","dvasName":"Warsaw","actrisId":92,"actrisName":"Warsaw","labellingStatus":"planned","country":"Poland","countryCode":"PL","countrySubdivisionCode":null,"status":"active"},{"id":"weybourne","humanReadableName":"Weybourne","stationName":null,"description":"Cloud remote sensing measurements were conducted at Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (WAO) on the east coast of England from March to July 2017.","type":["campaign"],"latitude":52.95,"longitude":1.12,"altitude":50,"gaw":"WAO","wigosId":"0-20008-0-WAO","wigosName":"Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory","dvasId":null,"dvasName":null,"actrisId":null,"actrisName":null,"labellingStatus":null,"country":"United Kingdom","countryCode":"GB","countrySubdivisionCode":"GB-ENG","status":"inactive"}]